The story
The "Ariel" Bicycle
The "Ariel" bicycle was created in 1870 by James Starley and William Hillman, who had patented the design on 11 August 1870. William B. Smith later invested in the partnership and it became Smith, Starley & Co. until its dissolution in 1877. It was the first penny-farthing, an all-metal bicycle with wire-spoke wheels. Rather than using wooden spokes, which supported the hub under compression, it suspended the hub from the rim by wire spokes under tension. The suspension wheel had been patented by G.F.Bauer in 1802, but this was its first successful application to a bicycle.
Each wire spoke ran from a fixing on one side of the hub, through an eyelet at the rim to a fixing on the other side of the hub (this had previously been done on Reynolds' and Mays' "Phantom" bicycle of 1869). All the double-spokes were tensioned simultaneously using a system of three rods forming a Z. The central cross-bar was fixed to the hub; at each end, a perpendicular tie rod ran to the rim. As the tie rods were tensioned, the hub rotated relative to the rim, tensioning all the spokes. The bicycle was named after the spirit of the air, Ariel, on which the hubs of the wheels ran (as they were suspended).
The head of the "Ariel" bicycle was also a significant advance on that of previous "boneshakers". There were vertical posts on each side of the central pillar. These stopped the wheel from being rotated 360°, as in other bicycles of that date. In an accident the rider's leg could be trapped between the wheel and the frame, breaking it.
Hillman's Bicycles and early motorised vehicles
At first, manufacturing of the "Ariel" bicycle was contracted out to Haynes and Jefferies of Coventry. Later, they built a factory and put the name on it, where they also made sewing machines. In 1885, James Starley's nephew, John Kemp Starley, invented the Rover Safety Bicycle - a bicycle with similarly sized wheels and chain drive to the rear wheel, the design used on bicycles today.
Ariel merged with Westwood Manufacturing in 1896 and made a powered tricycle in 1898 with a 2.25 hp de Dion. Hillman left soon afterwards to found Premier Motorcycles. More tricycles were produced and motorised quadricycles were added in 1901 as Ariel moved into car production. (See also List of motorized trikes and/or Quadricycle)
Components Ltd.
In 1902, Ariel produced its first motorcycle, which had a Kerry engine with a magneto ignition and a float carburettor. That year, Ariel was taken over by Components Ltd, owned by Charles Sangster. Sangster built a three-speed, two-stroke motorcycle sold as the "Arielette", but he stopped production on the outbreak of the first world war.
In 1918, Sangster's son Jack began managing the Ariel division of Components Ltd and developed a successful motorcycle with a 4 hp White and Poppe engine. Jack increased the range of motorcycles to include 586 cc and 992 cc machines. A range of motorcycles was made until 1926 with engines bought in or assembled to others' designs, until a new designer, Val Page, joined Ariel from JAP. That year Page created a pair of new engines which used many existing motorcycle parts, then redesigned the motorcycle for 1927. These new models are known as Black Ariels (1926–1930) and were the basis on which all Ariel four-stroke singles were based until their demise in 1959 (except the LH Colt of the mid-1950s). During the Black Ariel period, the Ariel horse logo came into being, as did the slogan 'The Modern Motor Cycle'.
Ariel Motors
Components Ltd. suffered several financial crises including spells in receivership in 1911 and in the early 1930s. In 1932, Components Ltd went bankrupt, and Jack Sangster, Charles Sangster's son, bought the Ariel subsidiary from the receivers at a bargain price. The company was renamed Ariel Motors (J.S.) Ltd, and promptly resumed production. A new factory was set up at Selly Oak in Birmingham. One of their first bikes was the Ariel Square Four, designed by Edward Turner, followed by the Ariel Red Hunter. The Red Hunter was a success, and enabled Ariel to purchase Triumph.
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The Ariel Square Four, with a 500 cc engine designed by Edward Turner, was launched for the 1931 season. Around this time the company went into receivership and then a new company was formed. The Square Four displacement was increased to 600cc. Throughout their history, the Square Fours had overheating problems with the rear cylinders which resulted in distorted heads. A redesign in 1937 resulted in a 995 cc OHV version designated the 4G.
From 1939, Anstey-link plunger rear suspension was an option. It was still available when production restarted in 1946, with a telescopic front fork superseding the girder fork.
During the Second World War the Ariel factory was turned over to military production, including the Ariel W/NG 350 army motorcycle based on the civilian NG model but with higher ground clearance frame inspired by that used successfully by Fred Povey in the ISDT.
In 1948 Ariel introduced a 500cc parallel-twin engine, following the trend that Triumph Engineering set with the Speed Twin and Tiger 100. Ariel offered the twin in two models: the low-tuned KG and slightly higher-tuned KH.
In 1949 Ariel revised the Mark 1 Square Four engine to include a cast aluminium cylinder block and head in place of the cast iron components previously used, in an effort to promote cooling. With the lower weight the bike was a 90 mph (140 km/h) plus machine.
BSA
In 1951 Jack Sangster sold Ariel and Triumph (which Ariel bought in 1936) to the Birmingham Small Arms Company group (BSA) and joined the BSA board. In 1954 Ariel launched the KHA, which was a high-performance version of the KH with an aluminium alloy cylinder head. Also in 1954, Ariel launched the FH, a 650cc parallel twin to compete with the Triumph Thunderbird. However, instead of enlarging the KH engine, Ariel used the BSA A10 engine, with a different timing cover to badge-engineer it as an Ariel. Reliable and capable of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), the FH proved popular with sidecar enthusiasts. The models were later given names. The FH was named the Huntmaster, and the KH was named the Fieldmaster.
By 1956, Sangster was voted in as the new chairman, defeating incumbent Sir Bernard Docker 6 to 3. Sangster promptly made Edward Turner head of the automotive division, which then included Ariel, Triumph, and BSA motorcycles, as well as Daimler and Carbodies (the manufacturer of London Taxicabs).
In 1953 the Mark 2 Square Four was given a redesigned cylinder head, making it capable of 100 mph (160 km/h).
The Red Hunter formed the basis for Sammy Miller's 1955 trials motorcycle which proved very successful in competition.
Two-strokes and demise
In 1959, Ariel dropped its four-stroke engines and produced the Ariel Leader, a fully enclosed 250 cc two-stroke with a fully faired body from the headlamp aft. The Leader aimed to combine the benefits of the motorcycle with the advantages of a scooter. Ariel also made the Arrow, a more open version of the Leader which kept the Leader's enclosed chain case and deep mudguards. Both models were an unsuccessful attempt to compete with new Japanese imports.
BSA closed the Ariel factory at Selly Oak in 1962 and moved production of the Leader and the Arrow to the BSA factory at Small Heath. Production of the 50 cc Pixie began in 1963.
In 1965, Ariel produced its last motorcycle, the Arrow 200 with capacity reduced to 200 cc introduced earlier during 1964 to qualify for lower UK rider insurance. Ariel motorcycles ceased production in 1967.
Later use of the Ariel name
In 1970, parent company BSA produced the Ariel 3, a 49 cc automatic tricycle with a coupling between the front and rear frame sections allowing banking when cornering. The front half was hinged to the rear and could tilt into corners while keeping all three wheels on the ground. The design was licensed from George Wallis, of G.L.Wallis & Son, who had patented it in 1966. A small museum dedicated to the trike has been established in Bristol, England.
Following the failure of the Ariel 3, the design was licensed to Honda which produced it as the Honda Gyro.
In 1999 a new company was formed using the old 'Ariel' name. Initially, the Ariel Motor Company made only one model, the Atom, a high performance, minimalistic 2-seat road-legal sports car, followed by a large-capacity motorcycle named Ariel Ace.
Famous models
Models A - G
VCH
KHA
Cyclone (model owned by Buddy Holly)
Trials HT5
Trials HT3
Scrambles HS (Mk1,11,111)
From Wikipedia’s article on Ariel Motorcycles, shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.4