Naturalis Biodiversity Center

The beginnings of Naturalis go back to the creation of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (abbr. RMNH, 'National Museum of Natural History') by royal decree on 9 August 1820. In 1878, the geological and mineralogical collections of the museum were split off into a separate museum, remaining distinct until the merger of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie with the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie (abbr. RGM) in 1984, to form the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (NNM) or National Museum of Natural History.

In 1986, it was decided that the institution should become a public museum. A new building was designed by the Dutch architect Fons Verheijen. The building's reception area incorporated the 1657–1661 Pesthuis (historical plague hospital), designed by Huybert Corneliszoon van Duyvenvlucht. Completed in 1998, it was opened on 7 April 1998, by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. The new building costs were about €60 million, making it the second most expensive museum building in the Netherlands.

In 2010 the National Museum of Natural History (Naturalis) further combined with the Zoological Museum Amsterdam (ZMA) of the University of Amsterdam, and the National Herbaria at the universities of Leiden, Amsterdam, and Wageningen, to form the Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit (NCB Naturalis). The combined institute was formally opened as part of the 'International Year of Biodiversity 2010' by Education Minister Ronald Plasterk and Agriculture Minister Gerda Verburg.

In 2012 the name became the Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Naturalis has partnered with ETI Bioinformatics in support of the Catalog of Life (CoL), and is working with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.

Funding is in place to support digitization of the massed collections.

In 2015, further renovation and expansion was planned, with a proposed design from Neutelings Riedijk Architecten. The Pesthuis will no longer be part of the complex. However, a lawsuit by the previous architect postponed these plans. The museum, except the research facilities, was closed from September 2018 to mid 2019 due to renovations. Temporary exhibitions were held in the Pesthuis, the former entrance building, during the renovations. The new building was finished in the summer of 2019 with the museum opening again on 31 August of that year.

Within a year of the opening the museum had to close again in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic until June 2020. The museum reopened on 8 June with free entrance for essential workers. On 1 July the museum was reopened for the public charging full prices again. It closed again in the winters of 2020 and 2021 due to further national COVID-19 measures.

Naturalis was named the European Museum of the Year 2021 in the annual awards of the European Museum Forum. The jury cited Naturalis as "a very inventive museum with beautiful exhibitions", and also the museum's "agile ability" to move on and transform itself.

Besides its role as a museum, Naturalis is also a scientific research institute collaborating with most Dutch universities. In 2012, around 200 researchers and some 200 guest researchers worked on topics such as biodiversity, botany, marine biology, or geology. Naturalis is a (co-) initiator of several citizen science projects. The staff also provide university education and develop complementary curricula and guest lectures.

In 2012–2016, in addition to the usual systematic work, the institute investigates the following themes: character evolution, interactions between species and dynamic biodiversity.

In ARISE, Naturalis is working on the largest research project in its history: an infrastructure to know and recognize all Dutch species.