The story
Founded by Maxim Gorky in 1919.1
Background
The main people behind the establishment of the theater were Maxim Gorky, Maria Andreyeva, Alexander Blok and Anatoly Lunacharsky.
Already by 1914, before the October Revolution, actress Maria Andreeva—common law wife of Gorky from 1903 and Commissar for Theaters and Public Spectacles in Petrograd from 1918 to 1921—had participated in a theater initiative, including actor Yury Yuryev, with the aim of returning to the "classics". In 1918 Yuryev staged some works in Leningrad.
Gorky, Blok, Adreeva and Lunacharsky—who was People's Commissar of Enlightenment after the revolution—had similarly worked towards the aim of staging the classics for the masses. Eventually they merged with Andreeva's other endeavor.
In January 1919, the government sponsored the staging of Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector.
Early years
The theater was organized in 1918 by the order of Maria Andreeva. The original name of the theater was Osobaya Drammaticheskaya Truppa (Special Drama Company). The theater was organized by merging the Theater of Tragedy led by Yury Yuryev and the Theater of Art Drama led by Andrey Lavrentyev.
During the first year of its operation the theater performed on the stage of the Great Hall of the Petrograd Conservatory. The chief director of the theater was Andrey Lavrentyev and the chairman was Alexander Blok. The first performance of the new theater was Friedrich Schiller's Don Carlos on 15 February 1919. In 1920 the theater moved to the building, at 65 Fontanka Embankment, of the former Suvorin Theatre also known as Maly Imperial Drama Theater.
The main actors of that period were Yury Yuryev and Nikolay Monakhov. Many brilliant painters worked for the theater including Alexandre Benois, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, Vladimir Shuko, Nikolay Akimov; among the composers working with the theater were Boris Asafiev and Yuri Shaporin. The theater produced mostly classical romantic dramas like Don Carlos (1919), Othello (1920), King Lear (1920), Twelfth Night (1921), Ruy Blas (1921), The Robbers (1919), and Le Médecin malgré lui (1921). Since the mid-1920s the theater added to its repertoire plays of German expressionists including Gas by Georg Kaiser, Virgin Forest by Ernst Toller, and, influenced by expressionism, Machine Mutiny (Bunt Mashin) by Alexey Tolstoy.
Konstantin Tverskoy (1927–1935)
The main director of that period was Konstantin Tverskoy (real name Konstantin Konstantinovich Kuzmin-Karavayev; officially the artistic director in 1929–1935). The theater was producing mainly spectacles of Soviet dramaturges, including Boris Lavrenev (Razlom, 1927), Vladimir Kirshon (Gorod Vetrov, 1928); Yury Olesha (Zagovor chuvstv, 1929), Nikolai Pogodin (Moy drug, 1932).
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Very important were performances of Maxim Gorky plays including Yegor Bulychev and the others (1932) and Dostigaeyev and others (1933). In 1932 the theater was named in honor of Maxim Gorky. The theater was known as Gorky Bolshoi Drama Theater (Bolshoi Dramaticheskiy Teatr imeni Gor'kogo) until 1992, when it was renamed after Georgy Tovstonogov.
Difficult years (1935–1956)
The years after Tverskoy are considered to be a crisis for the theater. The leaders of the theater frequently changed, the level of performances lowered and the numbers of theater-goes dramatically decreased.
The artistic directors (khudozhetvenniy rukovoditel) of that period were:
V.F. Fyodorov – 1935–1936;
Aleksei Dikiy – 1936–1937;
Boris Babochkin – 1938–1940;
L.S. Rudnik – 1940–1944;
N.S. Rashevskaya – 1946–1950;
I.S. Yefremov – 1951–1952;
O.G. Kaziko – 1952–1954;
K.P. Khokhlov – 1954–1955.
During World War II the theater was evacuated to Kirov, Kirov Oblast. In 1943 in the last days of the Siege of Leningrad the theater returned to serve the troops of Leningrad Front and the military hospitals.
Georgy Tovstonogov (1956–1989)
Georgy Tovstonogov was the artistic director of the theater since 1956 until his death in 1989. During his prime Tovstonogov was considered one of the best theater directors of Europe and the theater was one of the best in the Soviet Union.
Tovstonogov was the first who returned Fyodor Dostoyevsky into Soviet theater, by his productions of The Idiot (1957).
Among other famous performances are:
The Three Sisters (1965) and Uncle Vanya (1982) by Anton Chekhov
Five evenings (1958) and My big sister (1961) by Alexander Volodin
Irkusk Story by A. N. Arbuzov 1960
Wit Works Woe (1962) by Alexander Griboedov
Barbarians (1959) and Meschane (1966) by Maxim Gorky
Once again about Love (1964) by Edvard Radzinsky
Henry IV, Part 1 (1969) by William Shakespeare
The Government Inspector by Nikolay Gogol (1972)
Last summer in Chulimsk by Alexander Vampilov (1974)
Energetic people by Vasily Shukshin (1974)
History of a Horse after Leo Tolstoy's Kholstomer (1975)
The prominent members of his troupe included Alisa Freindlich, Zinaida Sharko, Lyudmila Makarova, Tatiana Doronina, Svetlana Kryuchkova, Kirill Lavrov, Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Pavel Luspekaev, Yefim Kopelyan, Sergey Yursky, Vladislav Strzhelchik, Evgeny Lebedev, and Oleg Basilashvili.
From Wikipedia’s article on Tovstonogov Bolshoi Drama Theater, shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.3