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Environmental enforcement
Enforcement cases the Environmental Protection Agency has brought against companies and others under the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the hazardous-waste law and other environmental laws, with the penalties they ended in. From EPA ECHO, read Oct 20, 2026.
- Civil cases
- 137,026
- Criminal cases
- 2,869
- Federal civil penalties
- $16.4B
- Spent to come into compliance
- $214.2B
- Latest settlement
- Oct 15, 2026
Most cases are administrative: the EPA issues an order itself. Judicial cases go to federal court, usually through the Justice Department. A penalty is a fine; the cost to comply is what the company agreed to spend fixing the problem, often far more than the fine.
The laws, plainly
Each case is filed under a main law. What each covers, and how often it has been used.
| Law | What it covers | Civil cases, all years | Since fiscal 2017 | Federal penalties, all years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CWAClean Water Act | Limits what can be discharged into rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal waters, including oil spills. | 31,950 | 4,818 | $7.9B |
| CAAClean Air Act | Limits air pollution from factories, power plants, vehicles and engines, and covers chemical accident plans. | 22,165 | 3,455 | $7.0B |
| FIFRAFederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | Governs how pesticides are registered, sold and labelled. | 19,075 | 10,961 | $157.8M |
| SDWASafe Drinking Water Act | Protects public drinking water and the underground water it comes from. | 17,658 | 3,701 | $42.2M |
| RCRAResource Conservation and Recovery Act | Sets rules for handling, storing and disposing of hazardous waste. | 13,867 | 2,355 | $615.6M |
| TSCAToxic Substances Control Act | Covers industrial chemicals, including lead paint, asbestos and PCBs. | 12,462 | 1,488 | $254.7M |
| CERCLASuperfund law (CERCLA) | Makes those responsible for contaminated sites pay to clean them up. | 10,787 | 1,017 | $323.5M |
| EPCRAEmergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act | Requires companies to report hazardous chemicals they store and release. | 8,810 | 642 | $136.7M |
| MPRSAOcean Dumping Act | Restricts dumping material into the ocean. | 82 | 9 | $5.8M |
| APPSAct to Prevent Pollution from Ships | Puts the MARPOL ship-pollution treaty into U.S. law. | 5 | 0 | $71.9K |
Source: the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), federal civil and criminal enforcement cases. Read Oct 20, 2026. Penalties are what the final order assessed, in dollars of the day.
The largest penalties
The 50 largest federal civil penalties, one row per settlement.
| Case | Law | Settled | Federal penalty | State and local penalty | Cost to comply |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BP Exploration/Moex/Transocean Deepwater/Triton/Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill/Deepwater Horizon (NC)Judicial, TX | CWA | Apr 4, 2016 | $3.4B | $15.0M | $1.9B |
| CumminsJudicial, IN · Under the settlement, Cummins must complete a nationwide vehicle recall to repair and replace the engine control software in hundreds of thousands of RAM 2500 and RAM 3500 pickup trucks equipped with the company's… | CAA | Apr 9, 2024 | $1.5B | $197.0M | $326.0M |
| VolkswagenJudicial, MI · This case concerns allegations by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as the State of California that German automaker Volkswagen AG and related entities cheated on vehicle emissions tests and deceived… | CAA | May 17, 2017 | $1.4B | – | $16.0B |
| Mercedes and DaimlerJudicial, NJ | CAA | Mar 9, 2021 | $743.8M | $131.2M | $436.0M |
| Hino CDJudicial, JA · Today, Jan. 15, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Justice Department, FBI, Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Department of Transportation's Office of Inspector General (DOT-OIG), National Highway Traffic… | CAA | May 21, 2025 | $449.7M | $82.5M | $299.0M |
| Fiat ChryslerJudicial, MI · This case involves the installation by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., FCA US, and affiliates (FCA) of software and devices designed to defeat the emissions controls in approximately 100,000 Ram 1500 and Jeep Grand… | CAA | May 3, 2019 | $262.3M | $42.7M | $185.0M |
| ToyotaJudicial, JA | CAA | Apr 2, 2021 | $180.0M | – | – |
| Ees Coke Battery - Judicial OrderJudicial, MI · The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan ordered DTE Energy Company and three of its subsidiaries to comply with the Clean Air Act and pay a penalty of $100 million in a decision issued today… | CAA | Feb 24, 2026 | $100.0M | – | $235.9M |
| Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Motors CorporationJudicial, CA · Automakers Hyundai and Kia will pay a $100 million civil penalty to resolve alleged Clean Air Act violations based on their sale of more than 1 million vehicles that collectively will emit approximately 4.75 million… | CAA | Jan 9, 2015 | $93.7M | $6.3M | $264.0M |
| Palmetto RecyclingJudicial, SC · '9/24/02 - Region 4 forwarded a referral to request DOJ to institue proceedings to commence a civil action against PRPs Phillio Gaido and James Jobbs for violating 104(e) and 122(e)(3)(B) respectively. EPA forwarded… | CERCLA | Mar 16, 2004 | $92.3M | – | – |
| Citgo Petroleum CorporationJudicial, LA · Spill in navigable/surface water. District court Remand/Re-trial judgment: Court sets CWA civil penalty at | CWA | Dec 23, 2015 | $87.0M | $3.0M | $32.0M |
| Russell Oil CompanyJudicial, AR | RCRA | Apr 19, 2005 | $81.3M | – | $500 |
| MarathonJudicial, ND · The United States alleges in its complaint that Marathon violated the Clean Air Act and its implementing regulations at nearly 90 oil and natural gas production facilities on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in… | CAA | Sep 17, 2024 | $64.5M | – | $177.0M |
| Volvo Truck CorporationJudicial, NC | CAA | Jun 4, 2012 | $62.3M | $14.3M | $40.0M |
| Enbridge Energy L.P. (Romeoville, IL/Marshall ,MI) Civil Judicial Referral CWAJudicial · Referral to DOJ seeking injunctive relief and civil penalties from EELP for its release of crude oil into an unnamed tributary of the Des Plaines River from EELP's pipeline located in Romeoville, IL. and Marshall, | CWA | May 23, 2017 | $62.0M | – | $5.4M |
| Greka Oil judicialJudicial, CA · Judicial case regarding a series of spills that occurred between 2005 and | CWA | Feb 25, 2023 | $57.5M | $7.9M | – |
| NavistarJudicial, IL | CAA | Dec 14, 2021 | $52.0M | – | $35.0M |
| Hyundai (HHI & HCEA)Judicial, GA · This settlement resolves allegations that Hyundai Construction Equipment Americas Inc.(HCEA) and Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd (HHI) (collectively known as 'Hyundai') sold heavy construction vehicles with diesel… | CAA | Oct 17, 2019 | $47.0M | – | – |
| Manitowoc Company, Inc.Judicial, WI · On January 17, 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice, on behalf of the EPA Region 3, has filed a Complaint against North Landing Firewood & Hauling, Inc. (Defendants), to address violations of the Clean Water Act (CWA)… | CAA | Mar 28, 2025 | $42.6M | – | $4.0M |
| TADANO AMERICAS CORPORATION (Houston, TX)Judicial, TX · On August 31, 2023, EPA, Region 3 entered into the Southern District of Texas a Complaint and Consent Decree (?CD?) with Tadano Ltd., Tadano Faun GmbH, Tadano Mantis Corporation, and Tadano America Corporation… | CAA | Oct 13, 2023 | $40.0M | – | $3.2M |
| ATP Oil & Gas Corp.Judicial, TX · Complaint alleging the unlawful discharges of oil and an unpermitted chemical dispersant from the offshore oil and gas production platform, known as the ATP Innovator, into the Gulf of Mexico. A Partial Consent Decree… | CWA | Dec 29, 2015 | $39.0M | – | $5.0K |
| Colonial Pipeline Company, Inc.Judicial | CWA | Jun 16, 2003 | $34.0M | – | $30.0M |
| United Organics Corporation & Malcolm LiebermanJudicial, NC | RCRA | May 17, 2006 | $32.8M | – | $345.6K |
| NGL and Western Dubuque BiodieselJudicial, IA · This settlement resolves allegations Iowa-based Western Dubuque Biodiesel, LLC entered into a series of transactions in 2011 that resulted in the generation of more than 36 million invalid renewable fuel credits.… | CAA | Nov 8, 2018 | $31.0M | – | $10.0M |
| East Kentucky Power CooperativeJudicial, KY | CAA | Apr 12, 2013 | $30.7M | – | $14.4M |
| Tesoro Refining & Marketing Company LLC, et al. (NC) (Lead)Judicial · EPA and DOJ reached a $425-million settlement with subsidiaries of Tesoro Corporation, and Par Hawaii Refining that resolves alleged Clean Air Act violations at six petroleum refineries in Alaska, California, Hawaii,… | CAA | Nov 29, 2023 | $30.2M | $850.0K | $92.2M |
| ChemoilJudicial, CA · This case concerns allegations that Chemoil Corporation exported at least 48.5 million gallons of biodiesel from the United States in 2011, 2012, and 2013, without retiring the approximately Chemoil Corporation… | CAA | Dec 5, 2016 | $27.0M | – | $71.3M |
| BP Products North America IncJudicial, IN · The Consent Decree addresses alleged violations by BP for its failure to comply with the New Source Performance Standards ('NSPS') for volatile organic compound ('VOC') emissions from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater… | CAA | Aug 9, 2023 | $25.1M | $6.3M | $197.0M |
| BP Exploration (alaska) Inc (bpxa)Judicial, AK · U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska Enters Consent Decree for BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA) Violations of Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Federal Pipeline Safety Laws. On July 13, 2011, the U.S. District… | CAA | Jul 13, 2011 | $25.0M | – | $60.5M |
| Cummins Engine Co., Inc.Judicial, IN | CAA | Nov 1, 2006 | $21.6M | $6.6M | $252.3M |
| Plains Pipeline (Line 901 Spill)Judicial, CA · Federal officials announced a civil settlement with Plains All American Pipeline L.P. and Plains Pipeline L.P. (Plains) arising out of Plains' violations of the federal pipeline safety laws and liability for the May 19,… | CWA | Oct 14, 2020 | $20.4M | $3.5M | $10.0M |
| Lima Refining CompanyJudicial, OH · The Consent Decree addresses alleged violations by LRC for its failure to comply with Section 113(b) of the Clean Air Act (the ?CAA? or the ?Act?), 42 U.S.C. ? 7413(b), at its Lima, Ohio refinery (?Lima Refinery?). More… | CAA | Jan 16, 2025 | $19.0M | – | $150.0M |
| Caterpillar, Inc.Judicial, IL | CAA | Jul 1, 1999 | $18.8M | $6.2M | $250.0M |
| HollyFrontier Sinclair Navajo-Artesia,NM Refinery-Air Toxics Consent Decree-FY2025Judicial, NM · In 2019, EPA began investigating the causes of high fenceline concentrations of benzene at the Sinclair Navajo petroleum refinery in Artesia, New Mexico. The reports submitted by Navajo showed that the Artesia Refinery… | CAA | May 27, 2025 | $17.0M | $17.0M | $137.0M |
| Kohler Co. (R9 CAA Mobile Sources)Judicial, WI · Region IX referred the Kohler Co. case to the Department of Justice regarding alleged violations of the Clean Air Act. The case was originally referred from OECA to Region IX in November 2016. Specifically, Kohler… | CAA | Apr 6, 2020 | $16.0M | $4.0M | $3.7M |
| Koch Industries, Inc.Judicial, KS | CWA | Mar 7, 2000 | $15.0M | $15.0M | – |
| BP texas City CAA 112(r)Judicial, TX · Violations stemming from two fires that occurred at the refinery in March 04 and July 05, and a leak that occurred in August 05. During the three incidents which resulted in the surrounding Texas City community being… | CAA | Dec 30, 2010 | $15.0M | – | $5.0K |
| Texas Eastern Transmission CorporationJudicial | RCRA | Oct 7, 1989 | $15.0M | – | – |
| Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET) - RCRA HW & TSCA PCBJudicial, NV · This DOJ Referral involves joint RCRA and TSCA inspections of the TIMET facility in Henderson, NV. The DOJ Referral alledges violations related to the improper management and disposal of hazardous waste and… | RCRA | Jul 3, 2014 | $14.0M | – | $7.0M |
| Detroit DieselJudicial, MI · This case involves allegations that Detroit Diesel Corp. (DDC) violated the Clean Air Act by selling heavy-duty diesel engines that were not certified by EPA and did not meet applicable emission standards. DDC… | CAA | Dec 19, 2016 | $14.0M | – | $14.5M |
| Massey Energy Company, Et. Al.(national Case)(lead)Judicial | CWA | Apr 9, 2008 | $13.3M | – | $7.1M |
| Mack Trucks, Inc.Judicial, MD | CAA | Jul 6, 2008 | $13.2M | $60.0K | $63.1M |
| Detroit Diesel Corp.Judicial, MI | CAA | Dec 21, 2005 | $13.0M | $38.4K | $251.2M |
| Lowe's Inc.Judicial · The United States and Lowes Home Centers, LLC (Lowes) signed a Consent Decree (Case No. 3:14-cv-00449), which was entered by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois on August 29, 2014… | TSCA | Jul 8, 2026 | $13.0M | – | $2.0M |
| Alpha Natural Resources, Inc (ondo Ext Deep Mine STP Massey Energy)(lead)(nc)(2 Facilities)Judicial | CWA | Nov 26, 2014 | $12.9M | $13.1M | $188.0M |
| Smithfield Foods, Inc.Judicial, VA | CWA | Aug 8, 1997 | $12.6M | – | – |
| Tannery, Roger L.Judicial, TX | CERCLA | Nov 6, 1992 | $12.5M | – | – |
| TPC Group-Port Neches_Houston,TX-RMP Consent Decree-FY2025Judicial, TX · EPA seeks injunctive relief and penalties against TPC Group for violations of Sections 112(r) of the Clean Air Act, 42 USC 7412(r), and 40 CFR Part 68 at its petrochemical manufacturing facilities located in Houston,… | CAA | Jan 15, 2025 | $12.1M | – | – |
| Harley-DavidsonJudicial, WI | CAA | Sep 14, 2020 | $12.0M | – | – |
| BP North America (Blanchard Refining)-Texas City,TX-Refinery Consent Decree-2009Judicial, TX · Facility failed to keep benzene from exceeding the 2 megagram option for 4 years. Company also had violations of asbestos and CFC | CAA | Sep 18, 2009 | $12.0M | – | $161.0M |
Source: the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), federal civil and criminal enforcement cases. Read Oct 20, 2026. Penalties are what the final order assessed, in dollars of the day.
The largest penalties of the last five years
| Case | Law | Settled | Federal penalty | State and local penalty | Cost to comply |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CumminsJudicial, IN | CAA | Apr 9, 2024 | $1.5B | $197.0M | $326.0M |
| Mercedes and DaimlerJudicial, NJ | CAA | Mar 9, 2021 | $743.8M | $131.2M | $436.0M |
| Hino CDJudicial, JA | CAA | May 21, 2025 | $449.7M | $82.5M | $299.0M |
| ToyotaJudicial, JA | CAA | Apr 2, 2021 | $180.0M | – | – |
| Ees Coke Battery - Judicial OrderJudicial, MI | CAA | Feb 24, 2026 | $100.0M | – | $235.9M |
| MarathonJudicial, ND | CAA | Sep 17, 2024 | $64.5M | – | $177.0M |
| Greka Oil judicialJudicial, CA | CWA | Feb 25, 2023 | $57.5M | $7.9M | – |
| NavistarJudicial, IL | CAA | Dec 14, 2021 | $52.0M | – | $35.0M |
| Manitowoc Company, Inc.Judicial, WI | CAA | Mar 28, 2025 | $42.6M | – | $4.0M |
| TADANO AMERICAS CORPORATION (Houston, TX)Judicial, TX | CAA | Oct 13, 2023 | $40.0M | – | $3.2M |
| Tesoro Refining & Marketing Company LLC, et al. (NC) (Lead)Judicial | CAA | Nov 29, 2023 | $30.2M | $850.0K | $92.2M |
| BP Products North America IncJudicial, IN | CAA | Aug 9, 2023 | $25.1M | $6.3M | $197.0M |
| Lima Refining CompanyJudicial, OH | CAA | Jan 16, 2025 | $19.0M | – | $150.0M |
| HollyFrontier Sinclair Navajo-Artesia,NM Refinery-Air Toxics Consent Decree-FY2025Judicial, NM | CAA | May 27, 2025 | $17.0M | $17.0M | $137.0M |
| Lowe's Inc.Judicial | TSCA | Jul 8, 2026 | $13.0M | – | $2.0M |
| TPC Group-Port Neches_Houston,TX-RMP Consent Decree-FY2025Judicial, TX | CAA | Jan 15, 2025 | $12.1M | – | – |
| Dico Inc and Titan Tire CorpJudicial, IA | CERCLA | Mar 1, 2021 | $11.5M | – | – |
| Fayat Group S.A.S., et.alJudicial, SC | CAA | May 12, 2025 | $11.0M | – | $450.0K |
| Diesel Ops / Orion DieselJudicial, MI | CAA | Aug 29, 2022 | $10.5M | – | – |
| Summit / MeadowlarkJudicial, ND | CWA | Sep 28, 2021 | $10.0M | $10.0M | $75.0M |
| Home Depot, USA, Inc. (NC)(LEAD)Judicial, GA | TSCA | Apr 22, 2021 | $9.6M | – | $2.5M |
| Xto Energy Inc - Schnegg Unit B & CJudicial, OH | CAA | Mar 11, 2025 | $8.0M | – | $58.0M |
| Belle Fourche Pipeline CompanyJudicial | CWA | Oct 2, 2023 | $7.9M | $4.6M | – |
| Osage Pipe Line Company, LLCJudicial | CWA | Mar 26, 2024 | $7.4M | – | $1.0M |
| Meyer Distributing ReferralJudicial, IN | CAA | Dec 10, 2025 | $7.4M | – | $1.2M |
Source: the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), federal civil and criminal enforcement cases. Read Oct 20, 2026. Penalties are what the final order assessed, in dollars of the day.
Recent cases under the three big laws
The latest settled civil cases under the Clean Air, Clean Water and hazardous-waste laws, with or without a penalty.
Clean Air Act
Limits air pollution from factories, power plants, vehicles and engines, and covers chemical accident plans.
| Case | Law | Settled | Federal penalty | State and local penalty | Cost to comply |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative Chemical Partners, Inc - Hempstead, TX-RMP ESA-FY 2026Administrative - Formal, TX | CAA | Oct 14, 2026 | $1.2K | – | – |
| Black Arrow Operating, LLC-Multiple Facilities-TX Permian Basin-2024 Flyover AOC-FY2026Administrative - Formal, TX | CAA | Oct 14, 2026 | – | – | – |
| Brazosport Water Authority-Lake Jackson, TX-RMP ESA-FY 2027Administrative - Formal, TX | CAA | Oct 8, 2026 | $2.0K | – | – |
| NPX One - 112r7 RMP Apo/CafoAdministrative - Formal, IN | CAA | Sep 30, 2026 | $119.2K | – | – |
| Freezer Services of Michigan, LLC - Apo/CafoAdministrative - Formal, MI | CAA | Sep 30, 2026 | $180.0K | – | – |
| TurboxsAdministrative - Formal, MD | CAA | Sep 30, 2026 | $10.0K | – | – |
| Vance and Hines Performance LLC CAFOAdministrative - Formal, CA | CAA | Sep 30, 2026 | $900.0K | – | – |
| Enterprise Products GP, LLCJudicial, TX | CAA | Sep 29, 2026 | $7.0M | – | – |
| Pineland Farms Potato Company IncAdministrative - Formal, ME | CAA | Sep 29, 2026 | $207.1K | – | $330.0K |
| Spray Products CorporationAdministrative - Formal, PA | CAA | Sep 29, 2026 | $100.0K | – | $137.0K |
| Strittmatter Materials, LLC (strittmatter Companies DBA D.c. Materials, Inc.)Administrative - Formal, MD | CAA | Sep 29, 2026 | $5.0K | – | $5.0K |
| NPX One - 112r7 RMP AcoAdministrative - Formal, IN | CAA | Sep 29, 2026 | – | – | – |
| Martha Ann Simpson WTP-San Benito, TX-RMP AOC-FY 2026Administrative - Formal, TX | CAA | Sep 29, 2026 | – | – | $2.0K |
| Freezer Services of Michigan, LLC - AcoAdministrative - Formal, MI | CAA | Sep 29, 2026 | – | – | $340.0K |
| Charles Marsh Denial Letter 2Administrative - Formal, XX | CAA | Sep 28, 2026 | – | – | – |
Clean Water Act
Limits what can be discharged into rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal waters, including oil spills.
| Case | Law | Settled | Federal penalty | State and local penalty | Cost to comply |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MarineMax Lake Ozark CWA 311B6B1 AO For Class I Penalty - SPCC Expedited Settlement ProgramAdministrative - Formal, KS | CWA | Oct 13, 2026 | $3.0K | – | – |
| Hess CorporationJudicial, TX | CWA | Oct 13, 2026 | $2.1M | – | – |
| Woodstock NH Wastewater Treatment FacilityAdministrative - Formal, NH | CWA | Oct 2, 2026 | – | – | – |
| Olympic PipelineAdministrative - Formal, WA | CWA | Sep 30, 2026 | – | – | $843.5K |
| Puerto Rico Dept of Environmental and Natural Resources (Boqueron Recreational and Vacation Center)Administrative - Formal, PR | CWA | Sep 30, 2026 | – | – | $502.2K |
| Duran Construction Company LLC (s&s Pond - Vista Del Sol - Vista Del Mar Subdivision)Judicial, AK | CWA | Sep 30, 2026 | $350.0K | – | $400.0K |
| R.a.d. Sports (montrose School)Administrative - Formal, MA | CWA | Sep 29, 2026 | $4.5K | – | – |
| Mahoney Environmental Solutions LLC - Apo (cwa 311)Administrative - Formal, WA | CWA | Sep 29, 2026 | $71.9K | – | $10.0K |
| 1 West Hanover MF LLCAdministrative - Formal, NJ | CWA | Sep 29, 2026 | – | – | $7.5K |
| Pacific Pride ST. Helens - Esa (cwa 311)Administrative - Formal, OR | CWA | Sep 29, 2026 | $3.7K | – | $13.4K |
| Ellenbecker OilAdministrative - Formal, WY | CWA | Sep 29, 2026 | $1.5K | – | – |
| Mahoney Environmental Solutions LLC - Apo (cwa Npdes)Administrative - Formal, WA | CWA | Sep 28, 2026 | $67.1K | – | $5.0K |
| J&J Snack Foods_CAFOAdministrative - Formal, CA | CWA | Sep 25, 2026 | $55.0K | – | – |
| Tuf-Tile | ESAAdministrative - Formal, IL | CWA | Sep 25, 2026 | $10.0K | – | – |
| Salamonie Estates MHP | ESAAdministrative - Formal, IN | CWA | Sep 24, 2026 | $8.7K | – | $4.2K |
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Sets rules for handling, storing and disposing of hazardous waste.
| Case | Law | Settled | Federal penalty | State and local penalty | Cost to comply |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tecomet, Inc. (ESA)Administrative - Formal, MI | RCRA | Oct 1, 2026 | $12.5K | – | – |
| Blarney Castle Rosebush X-Way (FC)Administrative - Formal, MI | RCRA | Sep 29, 2026 | $815 | – | – |
| American Yacht Harbor et al.Administrative - Formal, VI | RCRA | Sep 28, 2026 | $2.6K | – | $3.0K |
| Joint Base Elemendorf-Richardon - Cafo (FF) (rcra HW)Administrative - Formal, AK | RCRA | Sep 28, 2026 | $47.0K | – | – |
| Blue Origin, LLCAdministrative - Formal, FL | RCRA | Sep 28, 2026 | $88.5K | – | $15.2K |
| E&C Service Station et al.Administrative - Formal, VI | RCRA | Sep 28, 2026 | $815 | – | $500 |
| Roy Lake Store (FC)Administrative - Formal, MN | RCRA | Sep 28, 2026 | $815 | – | – |
| The Chemours Co LLC - Belle FacilityAdministrative - Formal, WV | RCRA | Sep 28, 2026 | $9.5K | – | $1.0K |
| Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (s.c.i. Coal Township)Administrative - Formal, PA | RCRA | Sep 24, 2026 | $4.9K | – | $5.0K |
| Century Alluminun of South Carolina, Inc.Administrative - Formal, SC | RCRA | Sep 24, 2026 | $353.6K | – | $120.0K |
| Astro Pak Corporation (ESA)Administrative - Formal, IN | RCRA | Sep 24, 2026 | $3.8K | – | – |
| Irfan Samma LLC (stop N Save)Administrative - Formal, VA | RCRA | Sep 24, 2026 | $10.0K | – | $2.0K |
| Saia Motor Freight Line HendersonAdministrative - Formal, CO | RCRA | Sep 24, 2026 | $11.2K | – | – |
| Naval Support Activity BethesdaAdministrative - Formal, MD | RCRA | Sep 23, 2026 | $5.0K | – | $2.0K |
| City of Chicago 2fm Operations (FC)Administrative - Formal, IL | RCRA | Sep 22, 2026 | $1.4K | – | – |
Source: the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), federal civil and criminal enforcement cases. Read Oct 20, 2026. Penalties are what the final order assessed, in dollars of the day.
Cases and penalties by fiscal year
Civil cases by the fiscal year the EPA recorded them. A single huge settlement (Deepwater Horizon in 2016, Cummins in 2020) can dominate a year.
| Fiscal year | Civil cases | Federal penalties |
|---|---|---|
| FY2027 (so far) | 12 | $135.2K |
| FY2026 | 4,021 | $49.4M |
| FY2025 | 3,027 | $513.5M |
| FY2024 | 3,148 | $74.3M |
| FY2023 | 2,737 | $180.8M |
| FY2022 | 2,914 | $102.8M |
| FY2021 | 2,824 | $121.3M |
| FY2020 | 2,621 | $1.6B |
| FY2019 | 2,255 | $161.5M |
| FY2018 | 2,360 | $92.9M |
| FY2017 | 2,667 | $950.0M |
| FY2016 | 2,912 | $2.0B |
| FY2015 | 2,442 | $161.1M |
| FY2014 | 2,353 | $58.1M |
| FY2013 | 2,546 | $266.1M |
| FY2012 | 3,335 | $118.0M |
| FY2011 | 3,648 | $3.5B |
| FY2010 | 3,908 | $3.5B |
| FY2009 | 3,966 | $94.4M |
| FY2008 | 4,286 | $92.8M |
| FY2007 | 4,032 | $182.2M |
| FY2006 | 6,793 | $185.0M |
| FY2005 | 4,908 | $85.3M |
| FY2004 | 4,730 | $122.1M |
| FY2003 | 4,160 | $154.0M |
Source: the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), federal civil and criminal enforcement cases. Read Oct 20, 2026. Penalties are what the final order assessed, in dollars of the day.
Named most often
Defendants named in the most cases, under the exact name in the case record (a company's units can appear under several names). Penalties are the full penalty of each case naming them, which may be shared with other defendants.
| Defendant | Cases | Federal penalties in those cases | Latest |
|---|---|---|---|
| PhoneSoap LLC | 135 | – | Jan 26, 2023 |
| Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC | 116 | $1.5M | May 5, 2025 |
| General Motors Corporation | 114 | $3.4M | Dec 12, 2016 |
| General Electric Company | 106 | $971.8K | Nov 29, 2017 |
| Basf Corporation | 90 | $3.8M | Dec 3, 2025 |
| FMC Corporation | 89 | $14.3M | Aug 14, 2026 |
| Watts Regulator Company | 89 | – | Sep 27, 2021 |
| Ford Motor Company | 81 | $8.7M | Aug 9, 2024 |
| Monsanto Company | 80 | $4.1M | Jan 18, 2022 |
| Shell Oil Company | 61 | $5.3M | Sep 30, 2019 |
| BASF Corporation | 59 | $1.6M | May 14, 2025 |
| Occidental Chemical Corporation | 59 | $4.1M | Apr 3, 2020 |
| Union Carbide Corporation | 59 | $1.6M | Jul 16, 2021 |
| Mobil Oil Corporation | 56 | $11.1M | Mar 7, 2008 |
| Atlantic Richfield Company | 54 | $11.4M | Feb 14, 2023 |
| Atlantic Richfield Company | 51 | – | May 12, 2021 |
| General Electric | 50 | $4.6M | Jan 5, 2026 |
| Olin Corporation | 50 | $1.8M | Dec 3, 2025 |
| General Electric Co. | 47 | $2.2M | Apr 14, 2009 |
| General Electric Company | 47 | $3.4M | Aug 27, 2025 |
| CSX Transportation, Inc. | 45 | $3.1M | Jun 12, 2024 |
| PPG Industries, Inc. | 43 | $380.0K | Nov 29, 2017 |
| Conoco, Inc. | 42 | $1.2M | Feb 9, 2012 |
| United Technologies Corp | 42 | $545.4K | Jan 19, 2010 |
| Chrysler Corporation | 40 | $1.6M | Aug 21, 2015 |
| International Paper Company | 39 | $1.0M | Jul 12, 2024 |
| Marathon Oil Company | 38 | $569.8K | Mar 31, 2014 |
| Distribution Goudshop Inc. | 36 | – | Aug 29, 2024 |
| Prasa | 36 | $1.6M | Mar 22, 2024 |
| Texaco, Inc. | 36 | $880.4K | Nov 4, 2021 |
| Union Carbide Corp. | 36 | $1.1M | Nov 22, 2016 |
| Dow Chemical Company | 35 | $1.9M | Jan 24, 2014 |
| Syngenta Crop Protection LLC | 35 | $124.0K | Jan 26, 2022 |
| Dana Corporation | 34 | $326.8K | May 1, 2025 |
| Farmland Industries, Inc. | 34 | $1.5M | Oct 10, 2006 |
| General Electric Co | 33 | $4.0M | May 1, 2025 |
| Phillips Petroleum Company | 33 | $2.1M | Apr 18, 2013 |
| U.S. Army | 33 | $76.4K | Aug 11, 2025 |
| Union Oil Company of California | 33 | $38.2K | Jul 12, 2024 |
| Exxon Mobil Corporation | 32 | $2.5M | May 28, 2021 |
| Honeywell International Inc. | 32 | $154.7K | Aug 27, 2025 |
| U.S. Navy | 32 | – | Aug 27, 2026 |
| Westinghouse Electric Corp. | 32 | $26.0K | Aug 21, 2015 |
| Aquafine Corporation | 31 | – | Oct 22, 2021 |
| Chevron U.s.a., Inc. | 31 | $9.9M | Jan 25, 2017 |
| General Services Administration | 31 | $250.0K | May 3, 2010 |
| Hercules, Inc. | 31 | $503.3K | Jul 12, 2024 |
| Monsanto | 31 | $656.4K | Jul 19, 2018 |
| General Motors Corp | 30 | $4.0M | May 1, 2025 |
| General Motors Corp. | 30 | $1.3M | Jul 19, 2022 |
| International Paper Company | 30 | $997.6K | Sep 21, 2026 |
| Kaz USA, Inc. | 30 | $4.4M | Aug 25, 2026 |
| U.S. Air Force | 30 | $4.1M | Sep 2, 2026 |
| Union Pacific Railroad Company | 30 | $492.1K | Jan 4, 2017 |
| Asarco | 29 | $815.0K | Feb 14, 2023 |
| Capital Utilities, Inc. | 29 | – | May 15, 2000 |
| Denial Letter | 29 | – | Apr 14, 2026 |
| Enchante Accessories, Inc | 29 | – | Mar 18, 2021 |
| Ford Motor Co. | 29 | $2.5M | Jan 12, 2021 |
| Occidental Chemical Corp | 29 | $321.8K | Aug 23, 2013 |
Source: the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), federal civil and criminal enforcement cases. Read Oct 20, 2026. Penalties are what the final order assessed, in dollars of the day.
Criminal cases
The latest criminal environmental cases in ECHO. The criminal records we hold end on Aug 15, 2023, and ECHO doesn't publish penalties or sentences for them; those are in court records.
| Defendant | Law | Laws cited | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| View, Inc. | CWA | CWA | Aug 15, 2023 |
| Horizon Environmental Services LLC | RCRA | RCRA, TITLE 18 | Jul 26, 2023 |
| Tenley Miller | TITLE 18 | TITLE 18 | Jul 25, 2023 |
| Andrew Hucks, Starlite Reclamation Environmental Services, I... | CWA | CWA | Jun 26, 2023 |
| Alexander Mischenko | CAA | CAA | Jun 27, 2023 |
| Brandon Wall, Patrick Huse | CWA | CWA | May 2, 2023 |
| Integral Hygienic Solutions, Ramont Smith, Ray Smith | FIFRA | FIFRA, TITLE 18 | Jun 2, 2023 |
| Lynn Eich | RCRA | RCRA, TITLE 18 | Jun 1, 2023 |
| Jeffry Smith | SDWA | SDWA, TITLE 18 | May 25, 2023 |
| Ijomah Oputa | CAA | CAA, TITLE 18 | May 19, 2023 |
| Gordon Lindamood | CAA | CAA | May 18, 2023 |
| Electron Hydro, Thom Fischer | STATE | STATE | May 5, 2023 |
| Jamal Saymeh | CAA | CAA, TITLE 18 | May 1, 2023 |
| Jaron Coleman | CWA | CWA | Apr 26, 2023 |
| KLEAN WATERS INC, Tim Miller | CWA | CWA | Apr 14, 2023 |
| Isaiah Kingston, Jacob Kingston, Lev Dermen a/k/a Levon Term... | CAA | CAA, Other, TITLE 18 | Apr 5, 2023 |
| Michael Tompkins, Prince William Sound Aquaculture Corporati... | RCRA | RCRA, STATE | Feb 16, 2023 |
| Joshua Franklin | CWA | CWA | Mar 1, 2023 |
| Brian Chansky | CWA | CWA | Feb 23, 2023 |
| Christopher Davis | TITLE 18 | TITLE 18 | Feb 22, 2023 |
| Kevin Shibilski | Other | Other, RCRA, TITLE 18 | Feb 21, 2023 |
| Patrick Fleming, Zachary Czubak | CAA | CAA, TITLE 18 | Oct 7, 2022 |
| ASP Plating, Gary Rowe, Stephen Rowe | CWA | CWA | Jan 17, 2023 |
| James Love | CAA | CAA | Jan 23, 2023 |
| First Capital Insulation, Francis Yingling | CAA | CAA | Jan 19, 2023 |
| DEM Technology, Evan Morgan | FIFRA | FIFRA | Jan 19, 2023 |
| Adesunnbo Akeju, ECOWAS African Food Market, Inc. | STATE | STATE | Jan 13, 2023 |
| Partridge Sibley Industrial Services, Inc., William Roberts | CWA | CWA | Dec 14, 2022 |
| Scott Hammock | STATE | STATE | Jan 4, 2023 |
| James Withrow | TITLE 18 | TITLE 18 | Dec 14, 2022 |
Source: the EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), federal civil and criminal enforcement cases. Read Oct 20, 2026. Penalties are what the final order assessed, in dollars of the day.