ATYR on Nasdaq

aTyr Pharma

Logo: aTyr Pharma, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons5

American biotherapeutics company

aTyr Pharma is a public biotherapeutics company (Nasdaq: LIFE) that is focused on researching the extracellular functionality and signaling pathways of tRNA synthetases.3 It was founded by Paul Schimmel.1 Wikipedia text CC BY-SA 4.0

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Last updated Oct 21, 2026.

Overview

Jan 1, 2005Founded1

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  • TickerATYR on Nasdaq1
  • Industrypharmaceutical industry1
  • HeadquartersSan Diego1
  • Websitewww.atyrpharma.com
  • Incorporated inDE6
  • Business address10240 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 300, San Diego, Ca 921216
  • Filer categoryNon-accelerated filer, Smaller reporting company6
  • Legal formCorporation4
  • LEI529900ENQUXMC5EBKO364
  • StatusActive4
  • LEI statusLapsed (not renewed)4
  • Registered addressc/o National Registered Agents, Inc., 160 Greentree DR Suite 101, 19904 Dover, United States4
  • Registered withDivision of Corporations, Department of State, 40273294

aTyr Pharma is a public biotherapeutics company (Nasdaq: LIFE) that is focused on researching the extracellular functionality and signaling pathways of tRNA synthetases.3

Financials

From the company’s reports to the SEC. Every number links to the filing it came from.

Key numbers, fiscal 2025

-40856.3%Operating margin8
-39009.5%Net margin8
-19.1%Revenue growth, 20258
-109.8%Return on equity8
-$62.1MFree cash flow8

Where the money goes

Where each dollar of revenue went, fiscal 2025

  • Research and development100¢$60.2M

Out of $190.0K in revenue.8 The company lost money this year.

Financial statements

Revenue91011128$190.0K in 2025−55% since 2019
0$5.0M$10.0M$15.0M2019: $422.0K$422.0K20192020: $10.5M$10.5M2020+2377%2021: $0$020212022: $10.4M$10.4M20222023: $353.0K$353.0K2023−97%2024: $235.0K$235.0K2024−33%2025: $190.0K$190.0K2025−19%
Operating income91011128-$77.6M in 2025+238% since 2019
-$80.0M-$60.0M-$40.0M-$20.0M02019: -$23.0M-$23.0M20192020: -$15.9M-$15.9M2020−31%2021: -$34.0M-$34.0M2021+114%2022: -$46.4M-$46.4M2022+36%2023: -$54.9M-$54.9M2023+18%2024: -$67.9M-$67.9M2024+24%2025: -$77.6M-$77.6M2025+14%
Net income1011128-$74.1M in 2025+357% since 2019
-$80.0M-$60.0M-$40.0M-$20.0M02019: -$16.2M-$16.2M20192020: -$16.2M-$16.2M2020+0%2021: -$33.8M-$33.8M2021+108%2022: -$45.3M-$45.3M2022+34%2023: -$50.4M-$50.4M2023+11%2024: -$64.0M-$64.0M2024+27%2025: -$74.1M-$74.1M2025+16%

Every line of the income statement as filed: the last 3 fiscal years, latest first.8

Period ending2025-12-312024-12-312023-12-31
Total revenues$190.0K$235.0K$353.0K
Research and development$60.2M$54.4M$42.3M
General and administrative$17.6M$13.8M$13.0M
Total operating expenses$77.8M$68.1M$55.3M
Loss from operations-$77.6M-$67.9M-$54.9M
Total other income (expense), net$3.5M$3.9M$4.5M
Consolidated net loss-$74.1M-$64.0M-$50.4M
Net loss (gain) attributable to noncontrolling interest in Pangu BioPharma Limited$5.0K-$1.0K$8.0K
Net loss attributable to aTyr Pharma, Inc.-$74.1M-$64.0M-$50.4M
Net loss per share - basic-$0.80-$0.86-$0.94
Net loss per share - diluted-$0.80-$0.86-$0.94
Shares used in computing net loss per share, basic93.0M shares74.3M shares53.6M shares
Shares used in computing net loss per share, diluted93.0M shares74.3M shares53.6M shares

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Corporate structure

aTyr Pharma sits at the top of its group. 1 entity, 1 country on record. Switch between the flow chart and the network, and select any entity to see its details.

Major holders of aTyr Pharma

  • aTyr Pharma San Diego, California, United States

Built from parent and subsidiary links from GLEIF, the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (CC0); major holders from Schedules 13D and 13G. Each entity in the chart links to its source.

What it owns

What aTyr Pharma reports owning in its annual reports to the SEC: buildings, land and equipment, real estate and locations, investments, intangible assets and inventory, at the end of its latest fiscal year and a year before.

Property and equipment

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Property and equipment, before depreciation$9.1M8 Dec 31, 2025$9.4M8 Dec 31, 2024−3.2%
Accumulated depreciation$4.8M8 Dec 31, 2025$4.5M8 Dec 31, 2024+6.3%
Property and equipment, net$4.3M8 Dec 31, 2025$4.8M8 Dec 31, 2024−12.1%
Finance-lease assets$596.0K8 Dec 31, 2025$1.2M8 Dec 31, 2024−50.0%
Operating-lease assets (leased space)$5.5M8 Dec 31, 2025$5.8M8 Dec 31, 2024−5.0%

Investments

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Cash and cash equivalents$10.7M8 Dec 31, 2025$11.1M8 Dec 31, 2024−2.8%
Marketable securities, current$67.9M8 Dec 31, 2025$61.1M8 Dec 31, 2024+11.3%
Debt securities available for sale$67.9M8 Dec 31, 2025$61.1M8 Dec 31, 2024+11.3%

Properties, in its own words

In May 2022, we entered into a lease (the Lease) with San Diego Creekside, LLC (Landlord), as lessor, pursuant to which we agreed to lease from Landlord approximately 23,696 rentable square feet (subject to increase pursuant to the terms of the Lease) of office and laboratory space located at 10240 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite #300, San Diego, California. During the second quarter of 2023, additional common area amenities were completed by the Landlord which provided us with access to an estimated 1,500 additional rentable square feet. In April 2024, we finalized an amendment to the Lease (the Lease Amendment), effective June 2023. The additional rentable square feet was adjusted to 1,170 square feet for a total of 24,866 rentable square feet and our base rent increased for this additional rentable square feet at the same monthly base rent per rentable square foot as contemplated in the Lease. The Lease expires in July 2033 (subject to extension pursuant to the terms of the Lease). This facility serves as our corporate headquarters. We believe that this facility is sufficient to meet our needs and that suitable additional space will be available as and when needed.

Item 2 of the 10-K filed Mar 5, 2026.16

The story

Founded by Paul Schimmel on Jan 1, 2005.1

In 2005, aTyr was founded by Paul Schimmel, and Xiang-Lei Yang, two aminoacyl tRNA synthetase scientists at The Scripps Research Institute. In 2009, Bruce Beutler, recipient of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, joined aTyr as a member of the scientific advisory board.

In April 2007, Polaris Partners and Alta Partners co-led a $10.5 million Series B financing. In October 2010, Series C financing totaled $23 million and was led by Domain Associates. This round was followed by a $49 million Series D in August 2013.

aTyr was a winner of the 2011 Red Herring 100 North America Award for discovering and developing innovative medicines based on Physiocrine biology.

In April 2015, aTyr raised $76 million in a Series E, led by Sofinnova Ventures, and filed for an IPO. The company began trading as LIFE on the Nasdaq stock exchange.

ATyr's primary focus is on ATYR1923, a clinical stage product candidate which binds to the NRP2 receptor and is designed to down regulate immune engagement in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). ATYR1923 is currently being investigated in a clinical trial in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. In January 2020, ATyr entered into a license with Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. for the development and commercialization of ATYR1923 for ILDs in Japan. Under the license agreement, Kyorin received an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ATYR1923 in Japan for all forms of ILDs including, sarcoidosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) and connective tissue disease ILD (CTD-ILD). aTyr recently initiated a clinical trial for ATYR1923 in patients with severe respiratory complications related to COVID-19.

From Wikipedia’s article on ATyr Pharma, shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.7

Leadership

Who has led aTyr Pharma, and when. Pick a name to see everywhere that person has worked.

Board members and other officers (30)

Timeline

  1. Sep 24, 20268-K Other events52
  2. Aug 7, 20268-K Results of operations53
  3. Jul 31, 20268-K Ended a material agreement54
  4. Jun 8, 20268-K Listing notice or transfer55
  5. Jun 1, 20268-K Regulation FD disclosure56
  6. May 15, 20268-K Results of operations57
  7. May 11, 20268-K Results of operations; Regulation FD disclosure; Other events58
  8. Mar 5, 20268-K Results of operations59
  9. Dec 5, 20258-K Listing notice or transfer60
  10. Nov 6, 20258-K Results of operations61
  11. Sep 15, 20258-K Other events62
  12. Aug 8, 20258-K Results of operations63
  13. Nov 3, 2017New chief executive Sanjay Shukla becomes CEO17
  14. May 6, 2015New chief executive John Mendlein becomes CEO18
  15. Jan 1, 2005Founded Founded1

Calendar

Coming up

  1. Nov 5, 2026Reports results for the quarter ending Sep/2026 A year earlier it reported ($0.26) a share, on Nov 6, 2025.64

When it reported results

  1. Aug 7, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results53
  2. May 15, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results57
  3. May 11, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results58
  4. Mar 5, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results59
  5. Nov 6, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results61
  6. Aug 8, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results63
  7. May 7, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results65
  8. Mar 13, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results66

Upcoming dates from Nasdaq's calendar; past results from the company's 8-K filings (Item 2.02). The full markets calendar

Filings

229 filings to the SEC since October 2021: 5 annual reports, 15 quarterly reports, 46 major events, 87 insider forms, 31 large holders, 45 other. The latest 20:

  1. Oct 7, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  2. Oct 1, 20264 EDGAR
  3. Oct 1, 20263 EDGAR
  4. Sep 24, 20268-K EDGAR
  5. Sep 11, 2026DEF 14A EDGAR
  6. Aug 31, 2026PRE 14A EDGAR
  7. Aug 7, 2026S-8 EDGAR
  8. Aug 7, 202610-Q EDGAR
  9. Aug 7, 20268-K EDGAR
  10. Aug 6, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  11. Jul 31, 20268-K EDGAR
  12. Jul 27, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  13. Jul 8, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  14. Jun 8, 20268-K EDGAR
  15. Jun 5, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  16. Jun 1, 20268-K EDGAR
  17. May 28, 20264 EDGAR
  18. May 15, 202610-Q EDGAR
  19. May 15, 20268-K EDGAR
  20. May 13, 20264 EDGAR

The 229 filings since October 2021 can be filtered by form type and year here when JavaScript is on.

Every filing from the last five years, summarized. The full record is on SEC EDGAR.

Insider trades

29 open-market trades by officers, directors and large owners since October 2021: 22 buys and 7 sales. Grants, option exercises and gifts are left out.

DateWhoTradeSharesPriceValueFiling
May 27, 2026SCHIMMEL PAULDirectorBuy100,000$0.50$50.0KForm 4
Feb 4, 2026Shukla SanjayPresident and CEOSale3,745$0.98$3.7KForm 4
Feb 4, 2026Broadfoot Jill MarieChief Financial OfficerSale1,558$0.98$1.5KForm 4
Feb 4, 2026DENYES NANCYGeneral CounselSale1,118$0.98$1.1KForm 4
Oct 9, 2025SCHIMMEL PAULDirectorBuy317,999$0.94$298.9KForm 4
Oct 8, 2025SCHIMMEL PAULDirectorBuy682,001$0.90$613.8KForm 4
Mar 17, 2025Gross Jane ADirectorBuy3,750$4.00$15.0KForm 4
Feb 4, 2025Broadfoot Jill MarieChief Financial OfficerSale1,254$3.78$4.7KForm 4
Feb 4, 2025DENYES NANCYGeneral CounselSale899$3.78$3.4KForm 4
Jul 24, 2024SCHIMMEL PAULDirectorBuy52,300$1.93$100.9KForm 4
Jul 23, 2024SCHIMMEL PAULDirectorBuy6,648$1.82$12.1KForm 4
Jul 22, 2024SCHIMMEL PAULDirectorBuy41,052$1.74$71.4KForm 4
Jun 5, 2024DENYES NANCYGeneral CounselBuy5,000$1.86$9.3KForm 4
May 31, 2024Broadfoot Jill MarieChief Financial OfficerBuy5,000$1.79$8.9KForm 4
May 31, 2024Shukla SanjayPresident and CEOBuy20,000$1.81$36.2KForm 4
May 30, 2024COUGHLIN TIMOTHYDirectorBuy50,000$1.75$87.5KForm 4
Feb 6, 2024Broadfoot Jill MarieChief Financial OfficerSale1,590$1.69$2.7KForm 4
Dec 12, 2023Shukla SanjayPresident and CEOBuy12,000$1.18$14.2KForm 4
Dec 11, 2023Shukla SanjayPresident and CEOBuy3,000$1.17$3.5KForm 4
Nov 13, 2023Shukla SanjayPresident and CEOBuy13,578$1.11$15.1KForm 4

All 29 trades can be filtered by person here when JavaScript is on.

From Forms 4 filed with the SEC.

Major holders

Investors who own more than 5% of the shares must tell the SEC: a 13D if they may seek to influence the company, a 13G if they hold passively.

Held by these funds

The largest holders among investment managers' 13F reports for the quarter ending Jun 30, 2026, the top 25 of 89. Change is in shares since the quarter before.

FundSharesValueShare of the fundChange
Federated Hermes, Inc.8,509,678$5.1M0.0%−2,000,000
Vanguard Capital Management LLC3,808,091$2.3M0.0%−4,041
Kalehua Capital Management LLC3,576,334$2.1M0.7%New
Aqr Capital Management LLC2,610,548$1.6M0.0%+2,114,530
Fmr LLC2,471,418$1.5M0.0%−12,235,425
BlackRock, Inc.1,827,332$1.1M0.0%−4,616,572
Jane Street Group, LLC1,721,297$1.0M0.0%+1,672,795
UBS Group AG1,531,151$914.1K0.0%−2,336,062
Morgan Stanley1,343,636$801.9K0.0%+118,169
Two Sigma Investments, LP1,245,147$743.1K0.0%+100,582
Citadel Advisors LLC1,242,067$741.3K0.0%+1,194,695
Geode Capital Management, LLC1,177,020$702.7K0.0%−1,208,465
Susquehanna International Group, Llp747,039$445.8K0.0%−119,705
Millennium Management LLC656,051$391.5K0.0%−985,195
Goldman Sachs Group Inc641,208$382.7K0.0%+357,972
Vanguard Fiduciary Trust Co576,125$343.9K0.0%−75,707
State Street Corp494,951$295.4K0.0%−1,259,448
Marshall Wace, Llp368,120$220.9K0.0%+230,002
XTX Topco Ltd226,678$135.3K0.0%+115,255
Northern Trust Corp220,141$131.4K0.0%−490,964
Bank Of America Corp /de/207,468$123.7K0.0%−96,091
Renaissance Technologies LLC165,222$98.6K0.0%+124,700
Jpmorgan Chase & Co150,666$85.3K0.0%+108,679
Group One Trading LLC138,878$82.9K0.0%−45,136
Qube Research & Technologies Ltd126,996$75.8K0.0%New

13F reports cover disclosed long positions in U.S. stocks only.

SEC filer profile

How aTyr Pharma is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, from its EDGAR record and the cover page of its latest annual report.

  • Name on EDGARaTYR PHARMA INC2
  • CIK0001339970
  • Employer ID (EIN)20-343507716
  • Filer statusNon-accelerated filer not an emerging growth company; a smaller reporting company; not a shell company16
  • Incorporated inDelaware16
  • Fiscal year endsDecember 312
  • Industry code (SIC)2836 Biological Products, (No Diagnostic Substances)2
  • SEC reviewing officeOffice of Life Sciences, Division of Corporation Finance2
  • Business address10240 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 300, San Diego, CA 921212
  • Phone85873183892
  • Shares outstanding98,087,425 as of Jul 31, 202614
  • Public float$463.8M as of Jun 30, 202516
  • AuditorErnst & Young LLP, San Diego, California PCAOB ID 42; no auditor attestation of internal control over financial reporting16
  • On EDGAR sinceSep 23, 20052
  • Filings748 in all: 4 (281), 8-K (140), SC 13G/A (46), 3 (43), 10-Q (35), SC 13G (21), CORRESP (17), DEFA14A (15)2
    All 41 form types

    UPLOAD (14), 424B5 (13), DEF 14A (12), S-8 (12), 10-K (11), EFFECT (11), SCHEDULE 13G/A (9), PRE 14A (8), S-3 (8), CT ORDER (5), S-1/A (5), SC 13D/A (5), ARS (4), 4/A (3), S-1 (3), SC 13D (3), 3/A (2), 424B4 (2), 8-K/A (2), D (2), DRSLTR (2), REGDEX (2), SCHEDULE 13G (2), 10-Q/A (1), 424B3 (1), 8-A12B (1), CERTNAS (1), DRS (1), DRS/A (1), POS EX (1), S-1MEF (1), S-3/A (1), S-3MEF (1)

  • Latest filingsAnnual report (10-K) Mar 5, 2026
    Quarterly report (10-Q) Aug 7, 2026
    Proxy statement (DEF 14A) Sep 11, 2026
    Latest 8-K (8-K) Sep 24, 2026

Securities registered for trading

ClassSymbolExchange
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per shareATYRNasdaq

From the cover page of the 10-K filed Mar 5, 2026 (Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act).16

Risk factors and legal proceedings

The risks aTyr Pharma names in Item 1A of its 10-K filed Mar 5, 2026: 67 risks under these headings, as written.16

  • Risks related to the discovery, development and regulation of our product candidates
  • There is no established FDA regulatory pathway for approval of a drug in pulmonary sarcoidosis. In addition, a Phase 3 clinical trial that does not meet its primary endpoint may not support an FDA regulatory pathway for approval. As a result, the EFZO-FIT study may not be sufficient to support FDA approval and may require additional clinical trials, which would materially and adversely harm our business.
  • We may encounter substantial delays and other challenges in our ongoing or planned clinical trials or we may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy, such as the failure to meet the primary endpoint in the EFZO-FIT study, to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.
  • If we are unable to successfully complete or otherwise advance clinical development, obtain regulatory or marketing approval for, or successfully commercialize our therapeutic product candidates, including efzofitimod, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.
  • Interim, top-line and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.
  • We have encountered and may continue to encounter delays and difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including the limited number of patients who have the diseases for which certain of our product candidates are being studied, which could delay or halt the clinical development of our product candidates.
  • We have previously conducted and we or our third-party collaborators may conduct additional clinical trials of efzofitimod outside of the United States. The FDA, however, may not accept data from such trials, in which case our development plans will be delayed, which could materially harm our business.
  • We may face CDMO manufacturing stoppages and other CDMO challenges associated with the clinical or commercial manufacture of our product candidates or regulatory activities required for a biologics license application (BLA) submission.
  • Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, we cannot predict when or if we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate, and the scope of any approval may be narrower than we expect.
  • A breakthrough therapy or Fast Track designation by the FDA, including the Fast Track designation we received for efzofitimod, may not lead to expedited development or regulatory review or approval.
  • Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by layoffs, funding shortages or global health concerns could negatively impact our business.
  • Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, our products will remain subject to regulatory scrutiny.
The other 56 risks
  • Our current product candidates and any other product candidates that we may develop from our discovery platform represent novel therapeutic approaches, which may cause significant delays or may not result in any commercially viable drugs.
  • Data generated in our preclinical studies and patient sample data relating to the immunomodulatory domain of HARS, including efzofitimod, may not be predictive or indicative of the immunomodulatory activity or therapeutic effects, if any, of our product candidates in patients.
  • Our therapeutic product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.
  • We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates.
  • Risks related to our financial condition and need for additional capital
  • We will need to raise additional capital or enter into strategic partnering relationships to fund our operations.
  • We are a pre-commercial biotechnology company and have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.
  • We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.
  • Risks related to our reliance on third parties
  • We depend on our existing collaborations and may depend on collaborations with additional third parties for the development and commercialization of certain of our product candidates. If our collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of these product candidates.
  • We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our product manufacturing, protocol development, research and preclinical and clinical testing, and these third parties may not perform satisfactorily.
  • We rely and intend to rely on third parties to produce preclinical, clinical and commercial supplies of our product candidates.
  • We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials, and if these third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.
  • Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.
  • Risks related to our intellectual property
  • If we are unable to obtain, maintain or protect intellectual property rights related to our product candidates, or if the scope of such intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.
  • Claims that our product candidates or the manufacture, sale or use of our future products infringe the patent or other intellectual property rights of third parties could result in costly litigation or could require substantial time and money to resolve, even if litigation is avoided.
  • Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.
  • We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our therapeutic product candidates and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.
  • If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.
  • We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.
  • We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
  • We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.
  • Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
  • Issued patents covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court.
  • Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.
  • Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the validity or defense of our issued patents.
  • We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
  • Risks related to our business operations
  • We may use our financial and human resources to pursue a particular business strategy, research program or product candidate and fail to capitalize on strategies, programs or product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.
  • Our future success depends on our ability to retain key employees, consultants and advisors and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.
  • We may undertake internal restructuring activities in the future that could result in disruptions to our business or otherwise materially harm our results of operations or financial condition.
  • We are subject to a variety of risks associated with international operations that could materially adversely affect our business.
  • Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.
  • We have been, and could be in the future, subject to securities class action litigation.
  • We face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs. If the use of our product candidates harm patients, or is perceived to harm patients even when such harm is unrelated to our product candidates, our regulatory approvals could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted and we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims.
  • Unfavorable macroeconomic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
  • We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by earthquakes, droughts, floods, fires, hurricanes or other natural disasters and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.
  • International trade policies, including tariffs, sanctions and trade barriers may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
  • Risks related to the commercialization of our product candidates
  • If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenues.
  • We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our product candidates, but we have not entered into agreements with any such manufacturers to support commercialization.
  • We face intense competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are more advanced or effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates.
  • The commercial success of any current product candidate or future product candidates will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community.
  • The insurance coverage and reimbursement status of newly-approved products is uncertain. Failure to obtain or maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for new or current products, if approved, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.
  • Our business operations and current and future relationships with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors and customers may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, transparency laws, health information privacy and security laws and other healthcare laws and regulations. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.
  • Risks related to the ownership of our common stock
  • The market price of our common stock historically has been highly volatile and is likely to continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
  • Our executive officers, directors, 5% holders and their affiliates currently own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters submitted to stockholders for approval.
  • Future sales and issuances of equity securities could result in dilution to our stockholders, impose restrictions or limitations on our business and could cause our stock price to fall.
  • We may not be able to comply with all applicable listing requirements or standards of The Nasdaq Capital Market and Nasdaq could delist our common stock.
  • Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.
  • Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of existing, new and proposed tax laws and regulations could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.
  • We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock, and therefore any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.
  • Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to remove our current management, acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders.
  • Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.
  • General Risk Factors
  • If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
  • If our information technology systems or data, or those maintained by the third parties with whom we work, are or were compromised, this could result in a Material Adverse Impact.
  • We are subject to anti-corruption laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate.
  • We have incurred and will continue to incur significant costs as a result of laws, rules, regulations and standards relating to various aspects of our business, including corporate governance, work force initiatives and operating as a public company, and failure to comply with such laws, rules, regulations and standards could adversely affect our business.
  • If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.
  • We have broad discretion in the use of our cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments and are exposed to risks related to the marketable securities we may purchase.

Legal proceedings

On October 9, 2025 and October 22, 2025, two substantially similar putative securities class action complaints were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, naming aTyr Pharma, Inc. and our Chief Executive Officer, Sanjay Shukla. The complaints assert that we and Mr. Shukla violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5, by making materially false or misleading statements related to efzofitimod. The complaints also assert that Mr. Shukla violated Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Plaintiffs seek class certification, an award of unspecified damages, and award of reasonable costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees and expert fees, and further relief as the court may deem just and proper. On February 9, 2026, the court consolidated the two cases and appointed co-lead plaintiffs to oversee the litigation. We believe we have meritorious defenses and intend to vigorously defend the Company in this matter.

The opening of Item 3, Legal Proceedings.16

Sources

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