GLUE on Nasdaq

Monte Rosa Therapeutics

In its 2026 annual report the company says: “We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing a portfolio of novel and proprietary molecular glue degraders, or MGDs. We have developed a proprietary and industry leading discovery engine, called QuEEN TM (an abbreviation for “Quantitative and Engineered Elimination of Neosubstrates”) to enable our unique target-centric MGD discovery and development approach and our rational design of MGD product candidates.”5 It is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.1

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Last updated Oct 21, 2026.

Overview

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  • TickerGLUE on Nasdaq1
  • Industrybiotechnology1
  • HeadquartersBoston, Massachusetts1
  • Websitewww.monterosatx.com
  • Incorporated inDE3
  • Business address321 Harrison Avenue, Suite 900, Boston, Ma 021183
  • Filer category, Emerging growth company3

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing a portfolio of novel and proprietary molecular glue degraders, or MGDs. MGDs are small molecule drugs that employ the body’s natural protein destruction mechanisms to selectively degrade therapeutically relevant proteins, in effect editing the human proteome. MGDs function by inducing the engagement of an E3 ligase, such as cereblon, with defined structural features on surfaces of target proteins. These target proteins are also referred to as neosubstrates. The E3 ligase then tags the target protein for degradation by adding a molecular mark known as ubiquitin. We believe our MGDs provide significant advantages over existing therapeutic modalities, including other protein degradation approaches.5 From its latest annual report

Financials

From the company’s reports to the SEC. Every number links to the filing it came from.

Key numbers, fiscal 2025

-43.8%Operating margin6
-31.2%Net margin7
63.5%Revenue growth, 20256
-16.6%Return on equity6
-$27.5MFree cash flow6

Where the money goes

Where each dollar of revenue went, fiscal 2025

  • Research and development99¢$141.5M
  • Income tax1¢$1.1M

Out of $123.7M in revenue.67 The company lost money this year.

Financial statements

Revenue86$123.7M in 2025
0$50.0M$100.0M$150.0M2023: $0$020232024: $75.6M$75.6M20242025: $123.7M$123.7M2025+64%
Operating income9101186-$54.2M in 2025+94% since 2020
-$150.0M-$100.0M-$50.0M02020: -$28.0M-$28.0M20202021: -$72.9M-$72.9M2021+160%2022: -$112.4M-$112.4M2022+54%2023: -$143.3M-$143.3M2023+28%2024: -$81.1M-$81.1M2024−43%2025: -$54.2M-$54.2M2025−33%
Net income91011867-$38.6M in 2025+8% since 2020
-$150.0M-$100.0M-$50.0M02020: -$35.9M-$35.9M20202021: -$74.0M-$74.0M2021+106%2022: -$108.5M-$108.5M2022+47%2023: -$135.4M-$135.4M2023+25%2024: -$72.7M-$72.7M2024−46%2025: -$38.6M-$38.6M2025−47%

Every line of the income statement as filed: the last 2 fiscal years, latest first.6

Period ending2025-12-312024-12-31
Collaboration revenue$123.7M$75.6M
Research and development$141.5M$121.6M
General and administrative$36.4M$35.2M
Total operating expenses$177.9M$156.7M
Loss from operations-$54.2M-$81.1M
Interest income$12.9M$10.6M
Foreign currency exchange gain, net$1.5M$416.0K
Gain on disposal of fixed assets$59.0K$0
Total other income$14.5M$11.0M
Net loss before income taxes-$39.7M-$70.1M
Income tax benefit (provision)$1.1M-$2.6M
Net loss-$38.6M-$72.7M
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders - basic-$0-$1
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders - diluted-$0-$1
Weighted-average number of common shares used in computing net loss per share - basic83.1M shares73.9M shares
Weighted-average number of common shares used in computing net loss per share - diluted83.1M shares73.9M shares
Provision for pension benefit obligation-$518.0K-$802.0K
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities$47.0K$170.0K
Comprehensive loss-$39.1M-$73.3M

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Corporate structure

Monte Rosa Therapeutics sits at the top of its group. 2 entities, 1 country on record. Switch between the flow chart and the network, and select any entity to see its details.

Major holders of Monte Rosa Therapeutics

  • Monte Rosa Therapeutics Boston, Massachusetts
    • Monte Rosa Therapeutics Securities Corp. Subsidiary · Massachusetts, United States

Built from subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21 of annual reports filed with the SEC; major holders from Schedules 13D and 13G. Each entity in the chart links to its source.

What it owns

What Monte Rosa Therapeutics reports owning in its annual reports to the SEC: buildings, land and equipment, real estate and locations, investments, intangible assets and inventory, at the end of its latest fiscal year and a year before.

Property and equipment

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Property and equipment, before depreciation$53.6M6 Dec 31, 2025$49.8M6 Dec 31, 2024+7.5%
Accumulated depreciation$27.6M6 Dec 31, 2025$20.4M6 Dec 31, 2024+35.6%
Property and equipment, net$26.0M6 Dec 31, 2025$29.5M6 Dec 31, 2024−11.9%
Operating-lease assets (leased space)$24.4M6 Dec 31, 2025$26.8M6 Dec 31, 2024−9.1%

Investments

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Cash and cash equivalents$129.9M6 Dec 31, 2025$224.3M6 Dec 31, 2024−42.1%
Debt securities available for sale$247.2M6 Dec 31, 2025$147.9M6 Dec 31, 2024+67.2%

Properties, in its own words

Our principal offices occupy approximately 63,327 square feet of office and laboratory space at 321 Harrison Avenue, Suite 900, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, which has served as our headquarters since the second quarter of 2023. Our obligation to pay rent pursuant to the lease began on December 21, 2022. The initial term of the lease is 128 months following April 1, 2022. The annual base rent under the lease is $95 per square foot for the first year, which is subject to scheduled annual increases of 3%, plus certain costs, operating expenses and property management fees. We have the option to extend the lease once for five years upon notice to the Landlord at least one year prior to the end of the then-current term. We also have the option to sublet the Premises on the terms and conditions set forth in the lease.

We have an additional location used for office and laboratory space that occupies approximately 21,422 square feet located in Basel-City, Switzerland. In April 2023, we amended the lease to increase the square footage of the office and laboratory space to 44,685 square feet and extended the lease term through June 2027.

The rest of Item 2

We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs and for the foreseeable future. To meet the future needs of our business, we may lease additional or alternate space. We believe that suitable additional or substitute space at commercially reasonable terms will be available as needed to accommodate any future expansion of our operations.

Item 2 of the 10-K filed Mar 17, 2026.5

Leadership

Who has led Monte Rosa Therapeutics, and when. Pick a name to see everywhere that person has worked.

Chief financial officer

  1. Ajim Tamboli2021–2023

Chief operating officer

  1. Jennifer Champoux2024–now
2025
Board members and other officers (21)

Subsidiaries and ownership

Subsidiaries (Exhibit 21)

  • Monte Rosa Therapeutics AG Switzerland4
  • Monte Rosa Therapeutics Securities Corp. Massachusetts4

The subsidiaries the company lists in Exhibit 21 of its annual report, as filed.

Former names

  • Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Inc.Sep 29, 2020 to Oct 6, 20263

Timeline

  1. Oct 1, 20268-K Regulation FD disclosure; Other events36
  2. Sep 8, 20268-K Regulation FD disclosure; Other events37
  3. Aug 6, 20268-K Results of operations38
  4. Jun 11, 20268-K Shareholder vote39
  5. May 7, 20268-K Results of operations40
  6. Mar 17, 20268-K Results of operations41
  7. Feb 10, 20268-K Executive or director change42
  8. Jan 9, 20268-K Entered a material agreement; Other events43
  9. Jan 7, 20268-K Regulation FD disclosure; Other events44
  10. Jan 7, 20268-K Other events45
  11. Dec 16, 20258-K Regulation FD disclosure; Other events46
  12. Nov 6, 20258-K Results of operations; Regulation FD disclosure47
  13. Mar 2, 2022New chief executive Markus Warmuth becomes CEO13
  14. Jun 2021Went public Listed on NASDAQ1

Calendar

Coming up

  1. Nov 5, 2026Reports results for the quarter ending Sep/2026 A year earlier it reported ($0.33) a share, on Nov 6, 2025.48

When it reported results

  1. Aug 6, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results38
  2. May 7, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results40
  3. Mar 17, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results41
  4. Nov 6, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results47
  5. Aug 7, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results49
  6. May 8, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results50
  7. Mar 20, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results51
  8. Jan 10, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results52

Upcoming dates from Nasdaq's calendar; past results from the company's 8-K filings (Item 2.02). The full markets calendar

Filings

313 filings to the SEC since October 2021: 5 annual reports, 15 quarterly reports, 50 major events, 117 insider forms, 54 large holders, 72 other. The latest 20:

  1. Oct 6, 20264 EDGAR
  2. Oct 1, 20268-K EDGAR
  3. Sep 8, 20268-K EDGAR
  4. Aug 14, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  5. Aug 14, 2026SCHEDULE 13G EDGAR
  6. Aug 6, 202610-Q EDGAR
  7. Aug 6, 20268-K EDGAR
  8. Jul 17, 20264 EDGAR
  9. Jul 16, 2026144 EDGAR
  10. Jul 16, 20264 EDGAR
  11. Jul 15, 2026144 EDGAR
  12. Jul 8, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  13. Jul 7, 20264 EDGAR
  14. Jul 6, 20264 EDGAR
  15. Jul 6, 2026SCHEDULE 13D/A EDGAR
  16. Jul 1, 20264 EDGAR
  17. Jun 30, 2026144 EDGAR
  18. Jun 30, 20264 EDGAR
  19. Jun 30, 20264 EDGAR
  20. Jun 29, 2026144 EDGAR

The 313 filings since October 2021 can be filtered by form type and year here when JavaScript is on.

Every filing from the last five years, summarized. The full record is on SEC EDGAR.

Insider trades

42 open-market trades by officers, directors and large owners since October 2021: 1 buys and 41 sales. Grants, option exercises and gifts are left out.

DateWhoTradeSharesPriceValueFiling
Jul 16, 2026Warmuth MarkusPresident & CEOSale9,500$23.18$220.2KForm 4
Jul 15, 2026Champoux JenniferChief Operating OfficerSale4,351$23.38$101.7KForm 4
Jul 6, 2026Townson SharonChief Scientific OfficerSale6,000$23.31$139.9KForm 4
Jun 30, 2026Janku FilipChief Medical OfficerSale5,407$24.50$132.5KForm 4
Jun 29, 2026Janku FilipChief Medical OfficerSale6,000$22.95$137.7KForm 4
Jun 29, 2026Manning Anthony M.DirectorSale10,000$23.11$231.1KForm 4
Jun 24, 2026Janku FilipChief Medical OfficerSale30,000$21.42$642.6KForm 4
Jun 23, 2026Janku FilipChief Medical OfficerSale11,845$20.22$239.5KForm 4
Jun 23, 2026Townson SharonChief Scientific OfficerSale3,000$20.00$60.0KForm 4
Jun 23, 2026Champoux JenniferChief Operating OfficerSale2,175$20.00$43.5KForm 4
Jun 17, 2026Champoux JenniferChief Operating OfficerSale2,176$19.00$41.3KForm 4
Jun 17, 2026Townson SharonChief Scientific OfficerSale3,000$19.00$57.0KForm 4
Jun 1, 2026Warmuth MarkusPresident & CEOSale5,466$19.44$106.2KForm 4
May 29, 2026Townson SharonChief Scientific OfficerSale6,000$19.87$119.2KForm 4
May 27, 2026Champoux JenniferChief Operating OfficerSale2,175$20.00$43.5KForm 4
May 22, 2026Champoux JenniferChief Operating OfficerSale2,176$19.00$41.3KForm 4
May 21, 2026Manning Anthony M.DirectorSale10,000$18.01$180.1KForm 4
May 1, 2026Warmuth MarkusPresident & CEOSale5,467$18.92$103.4KForm 4
Apr 14, 2026Warmuth MarkusPresident & CEOSale8,000$17.64$141.1KForm 4
Apr 9, 2026Nickson PhilipChief Business & Legal OfficerSale5,845$17.69$103.4KForm 4

All 42 trades can be filtered by person here when JavaScript is on.

From Forms 4 filed with the SEC.

Major holders

Investors who own more than 5% of the shares must tell the SEC: a 13D if they may seek to influence the company, a 13G if they hold passively.

Executive pay

What the company paid its top executives, from the summary compensation table in its proxy statement. Total pay includes salary, bonus, stock and option awards and other pay, as the company valued them.

YearExecutiveAgeSalaryTotal pay
2025Markus WarmuthM.D.55$650.0K$5.0M67
2025Filip JankuM.D., Ph.D.$520.0K$1.9M67
2025Phil NicksonPh.D.$520.0K$1.9M67
2024Chief Executive Officer$616.4K$2.4M67
2024Chief Business and Legal Officer$473.6K$1.3M67
2024Chief Medical Officer$500.0K$1.3M67

Held by these funds

The largest holders among investment managers' 13F reports for the quarter ending Jun 30, 2026, the top 25 of 100. Change is in shares since the quarter before.

FundSharesValueShare of the fundChange
NEA Management Company, LLC7,692,298$186.2M11.7%No change
BlackRock, Inc.6,843,087$165.6M0.0%+1,205,403
TCG Crossover Management, LLC4,622,151$111.9M2.7%No change
Vestal Point Capital, LP4,600,000$111.3M2.6%+996,535
Bvf Inc/il4,460,886$108.0M2.8%No change
Baker Bros. Advisors LP4,345,736$105.2M0.5%No change
State Street Corp3,731,416$90.3M0.0%+377,436
Montanova Capital, LLC3,549,539$85.9M1.8%−677,270
Vanguard Capital Management LLC3,412,927$82.6M0.0%+312,682
Versant Venture Management, LLC3,180,780$77.0M47.3%No change
Braidwell LP2,451,562$59.3M2.3%−755,012
Geode Capital Management, LLC1,864,113$45.1M0.0%+323,301
American Century Companies Inc1,622,846$39.3M0.0%−1,186,801
Marshall Wace, Llp1,593,600$38.6M0.0%+160,448
Aisling Capital Management LP1,555,664$37.6M8.0%No change
Nantahala Capital Management, LLC1,303,986$31.6M1.0%+651,993
Bellevue Group AG1,190,000$28.8M0.6%−60,000
Dimensional Fund Advisors LP1,177,488$28.5M0.0%+136,116
Mpm Bioimpact LLC1,161,081$28.1M1.7%−15,847
Silverarc Capital Management, LLC1,108,295$26.8M3.0%−893,745
Jupiter Topco LLC1,072,494$26.0M0.0%New
Frazier Life Sciences Management, L.P.1,000,000$24.2M0.5%No change
Goldman Sachs Group Inc998,253$24.2M0.0%−3,274
Woodline Partners LP962,884$23.3M0.1%+888,388
Fmr LLC934,414$22.6M0.0%−89,890

13F reports cover disclosed long positions in U.S. stocks only.

SEC filer profile

How Monte Rosa Therapeutics is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, from its EDGAR record and the cover page of its latest annual report.

  • Name on EDGARMonte Rosa Therapeutics, Inc.2
  • CIK0001826457
  • Employer ID (EIN)84-37661975
  • Filer statusNon-accelerated filer an emerging growth company; a smaller reporting company; not a shell company5
  • Incorporated inDelaware5
  • Fiscal year endsDecember 312
  • Industry code (SIC)2836 Biological Products, (No Diagnostic Substances)2
  • SEC reviewing officeOffice of Life Sciences, Division of Corporation Finance2
  • Business address321 Harrison Avenue, Suite 900, Boston, MA 021182
  • Phone617-949-26432
  • Shares outstanding85,313,401 as of Jul 31, 20267
  • Public float$212.0M as of Jun 30, 20255
  • AuditorDeloitte & Touche LLP, Boston, Massachusetts PCAOB ID 34; no auditor attestation of internal control over financial reporting5
  • On EDGAR sinceSep 29, 20202
  • Filings399 in all: 4 (135), 8-K (52), 3 (36), 144 (32), 10-Q (16), SC 13G/A (16), SCHEDULE 13G/A (16), CORRESP (8)2
    All 36 form types

    SC 13G (7), SCHEDULE 13G (7), UPLOAD (7), DEFA14A (6), S-8 (6), SC 13D/A (6), 10-K (5), 424B5 (5), DEF 14A (5), ARS (4), SCHEDULE 13D/A (4), EFFECT (3), 144/A (2), D (2), DRS/A (2), S-1/A (2), S-3 (2), SC 13D (2), SEC STAFF LETTER (2), 424B4 (1), 8-A12B (1), CERT (1), DRS (1), DRSLTR (1), PRE 14A (1), S-1 (1), S-1MEF (1), S-3ASR (1)

  • Latest filingsAnnual report (10-K) Mar 17, 2026
    Quarterly report (10-Q) Aug 6, 2026
    Proxy statement (DEF 14A) Apr 29, 2026
    Latest 8-K (8-K) Oct 1, 2026

Securities registered for trading

ClassSymbolExchange
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per shareGLUEThe Nasdaq Global Select Market

From the cover page of the 10-K filed Mar 17, 2026 (Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act).5

Risk factors and legal proceedings

The risks Monte Rosa Therapeutics names in Item 1A of its 10-K filed Mar 17, 2026: 73 risks under these headings, as written.5

  • Risks related to our financial position and capital needs
  • We are a biotechnology company with a limited operating history and have not generated any revenue to date from drug sales, and may never become profitable.
  • We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.
  • We are very early in our development efforts. Several of our programs are still in the preclinical stages of drug development. If we are unable to commercialize our product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.
  • As part of our ongoing business, we will need to raise substantial additional funding beyond our current capital. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, scale back or discontinue some of our product candidate development programs or future commercialization efforts.
  • Risks related to our business and industry
  • Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates based on our QuEENTM discovery engine is novel, which makes it difficult to predict the time, cost of development and likelihood of successfully developing any product candidates.
  • We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates or we may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.
  • Our business is dependent on the success of our lead programs, and any other product candidates that we advance into the clinic. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, any of our current or future product candidates.
  • If we experience delays or difficulties in the initiation, enrollment and/or retention of patients in clinical trials, our regulatory submissions or receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.
  • The incidence and prevalence for target patient populations of our product candidates have not been established with precision. If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we estimate or if any approval that we obtain is based on a narrower definition of the patient population, our revenue and ability to achieve profitability will be adversely affected, possibly materially.
  • Preclinical and clinical drug development is a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. Our preclinical and clinical programs may experience delays or may never advance, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize our product candidates on a timely basis or at all, which could have an adverse effect on our business.
The other 63 risks
  • The results of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the results of later preclinical studies and clinical trials, and the results of our current and future clinical trials may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities. If we cannot replicate the positive results from our preclinical studies of our current or future product candidates in our current or future clinical trials, we may be unable to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our current or future product candidates.
  • Interim, top-line and preliminary data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.
  • If we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals for our current or future product candidates, we will not be able to commercialize, or will be delayed in commercializing, our current or future product candidates, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.
  • Our current or future product candidates may cause adverse or other undesirable side effects that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.
  • We may seek and fail to obtain Breakthrough Therapy Designation or Fast Track Designation from the FDA for our current or future product candidates. Even if granted for any of our current or future product candidates, these programs may not lead to a faster development, regulatory review or approval process, and such designations do not increase the likelihood that any of our product candidates will receive marketing approval in the United States.
  • We may seek approval from the FDA through the use of the accelerated approval pathway. If we are unable to obtain such approval, we may be required to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials beyond those that we contemplate, which could increase the expense of obtaining, and delay the receipt of, necessary marketing approvals. Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, if our confirmatory trials do not verify clinical benefit, or if we do not comply with rigorous post-marketing requirements, the FDA may seek to withdraw accelerated approval.
  • We may seek Orphan Drug Designation for certain of our current or future product candidates, and we may be unsuccessful or may be unable to maintain the benefits associated with Orphan Drug Designation, including the potential for market exclusivity.
  • Even if we receive marketing authorization for our product candidates, we will be subject to extensive ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our product candidates.
  • Even if we receive marketing approval for our current or future product candidates in the U.S., we may never receive regulatory approval to market our current or future product candidates outside of the U.S.
  • If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
  • Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to penetrate foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business.
  • Changes in funding or disruptions at the FDA, the SEC and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns, or changes in policy could hinder their ability to hire and
  • retain key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.
  • We may in the future conduct clinical trials for current or future product candidates outside the U.S., and the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from such trials.
  • We are subject to certain U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.
  • Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any.
  • Risks related to commercialization
  • Even if we receive marketing approval for our current or future product candidates, our current or future product candidates may not achieve broad market acceptance, which would limit the revenue that we generate from their sales.
  • If we are unable to establish sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidate that may receive regulatory approval, we may not be successful in commercializing those product candidates if and when they are approved.
  • The market opportunities for any current or future product candidate we develop, if and when approved, may be limited to those patients who are ineligible for established therapies or for whom prior therapies have failed, and may be small.
  • We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing drugs before or more successfully than we do.
  • Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit commercialization of any current or future product candidates that we may develop.
  • Even if we are able to commercialize any current or future product candidates, such drugs may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, which would harm our business.
  • Current and future healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
  • Our relationships with customers, health care providers, physicians, and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, exclusion from government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished future profits and earnings.
  • Significant political, trade, regulatory developments, and other circumstances beyond our control, including geopolitical events, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
  • Risks related to our dependence on third parties
  • We currently rely, and plan to rely on in the future, on third parties to conduct and support our preclinical studies and to conduct our clinical trials for our current and future product candidates. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for or commercialize our current and potential future product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.
  • The third parties upon whom we rely on for the supply of drug product and starting materials used in our product candidates are limited in number, and the loss of any of these suppliers, or their noncompliance with regulatory requirements or our quality standards, could significantly harm our business.
  • We have entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement with Roche, and pursuant to the terms of that agreement, are dependent on Roche for certain development and commercialization activities with respect to certain of our product candidates.
  • We have entered into License Agreements with Novartis, and pursuant to the terms of that agreement, are dependent on Novartis for certain development and commercialization activities with respect to certain of our product candidates.
  • Our success is dependent on our executive management team’s ability to successfully pursue business development, strategic partnerships and investment opportunities as our company matures. We are engaged in a strategic collaboration and may also form or seek strategic alliances or acquisitions or enter into additional collaboration and licensing arrangements in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such collaborations, alliances, acquisitions or licensing arrangements.
  • Manufacturing our current or future product candidates is complex and we may encounter difficulties in production. If we encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our current or future product candidates for our preclinical studies and clinical trials or for commercial purposes could be delayed or stopped.
  • Our manufacturing process needs to comply with FDA regulations relating to the quality and reliability of such processes. Any failure to comply with relevant regulations could result in delays in or termination of our preclinical and future clinical programs and suspension or withdrawal of any regulatory approvals.
  • If our third-party manufacturers use hazardous and biological materials in a manner that causes injury or violates applicable law, we may be liable for damages.
  • Risks related to intellectual property
  • If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for our technology and product candidates or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and drugs similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and drugs may be impaired, and we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.
  • Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection, including patent term, depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, deadlines, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated if we miss a filing deadline for patent protection on these inventions or otherwise fail to comply with these requirements.
  • Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.
  • If our trademarks and trade names for our products or company name are not adequately protected in one or more countries where we intend to market our products, we may delay the launch of product brand names, use different trademarks or tradenames in different countries, or face other potentially adverse consequences to building our product brand recognition.
  • If we are unable to adequately protect and enforce our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
  • We may initiate, become a defendant in, or otherwise become party to lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.
  • We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.
  • Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain. Defending against such law suits will be costly and time consuming, and an unfavorable outcome in that litigation would have a material adverse effect on our business.
  • We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or alleged trade secrets of third parties or competitors or are in breach of non-competition or non-solicitation agreements with our competitors or their former employers.
  • We will not obtain patent or other intellectual property protection for any current or future product candidates in all jurisdictions throughout the world, and we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek protection.
  • We may not obtain or grant licenses or sublicenses to intellectual property rights in all markets on equally or sufficiently favorable terms with third parties.
  • If we fail to comply with our obligations in our current or any future agreements under which we may license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.
  • Changes in patent law in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.
  • We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party patent, which might subject us to infringement claims or adversely affect our ability to develop and market our current or future product candidates.
  • Intellectual property rights do not guarantee commercial success of current or future product candidates or other business activities. Numerous factors may limit any potential competitive advantage provided by our intellectual property rights.
  • European patents and patent applications could be challenged in the recently created Unified Patent Court (UPC) for the European Union.
  • The use of new and evolving technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), in our business may result in spending material resources and presents risks and challenges that can impact our business including by posing security and other risks to our confidential information, proprietary information and personal information, and as a result we may be exposed to reputational harm and liability.
  • Risks related to employee matters and managing growth
  • Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.
  • We will need to develop and expand our company, and we may encounter difficulties in managing this development and expansion, which could disrupt our operations.
  • We have offices in multiple countries and we may further expand in the future, which presents challenges in managing our business operations.
  • We may be unable to adequately protect our information systems from cyberattacks and security incidents, which could result in the disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, including personal data, damage our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure.
  • We, our collaborators and our service providers may be subject to a variety of privacy and data security laws, regulations and contractual obligations, and our failure to comply with them could harm our business.
  • Our employees, principal investigators, CROs and consultants may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading laws.
  • Risks related to our common stock
  • The price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially, which could result in substantial losses for purchasers of our common stock.
  • Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or current or future product candidates.
  • If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.
  • We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.
  • Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control, which could limit the market price of our common stock and may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
  • Our amended and restated bylaws designate certain courts as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
  • Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.

Legal proceedings

From time to time, we may become subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, as of March 17, 2026, we do not believe we are party to any claim or litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

The opening of Item 3, Legal Proceedings.5

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