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Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research

Logo: MPS, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons3

Space research institute in Germany

The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (abbreviation: MPS; German: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung) is a research institute in astronomy and astrophysics located in Göttingen, Germany, where it relocated in February 2014 from the nearby village of Lindau. The exploration of the Solar System is the central theme for research done at this institute. MPS is a part of the Max Planck Society, which operates 80 research facilities in Germany.2 Its chief executive is Thorsten Kleine (since 2026).1 Wikipedia text CC BY-SA 4.0

Last updated Oct 21, 2026.

Overview

1934Founded1

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MPI Sonnensystemforschung 1
Photo: Tine, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons5

The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (abbreviation: MPS; German: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung) is a research institute in astronomy and astrophysics located in Göttingen, Germany, where it relocated in February 2014 from the nearby village of Lindau. The exploration of the Solar System is the central theme for research done at this institute.2

Corporate structure

Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research is part of a group headed by Max Planck Society. 101 entities, 5 countries on record. Switch between the flow chart and the network, and select any entity to see its details.

  • Max Planck Society München, Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Göttingen
    • Max Planck Innovation Subsidiary · Munich, Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Coal Research Subsidiary · Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Subsidiary
    • Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory Subsidiary
    • Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Subsidiary · Berlin
    • Minerva Stiftung Subsidiary · Stadtbergen, Germany
    • Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History Subsidiary · Rome, Italy
    • CENOBIUM Subsidiary
    • Center of Advanced European Studies and Research Subsidiary · Germany
    • Ernst Strüngmann Institute Subsidiary · Germany
    • Friedrich Miescher Lab Subsidiary · Tübingen, Germany
    • Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG Subsidiary · Berlin, Germany
    • German Climate Computing Centre Subsidiary · Hamburg, Germany
    • Halbleiterlabor of the Max-Planck-Society Subsidiary · Munich, Germany
    • Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique Subsidiary · Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
    • Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz Subsidiary · Florence, Italy
    • Max Planck Computing and Data Facility Subsidiary · Garching bei München, Germany
    • Max Planck Florida Institute Subsidiary · Jupiter, United States
    • Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law Subsidiary · Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Astronomy Subsidiary · Heidelberg, Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Subsidiary · Garching bei München, Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics Subsidiary · Bonn, Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Subsidiary · Jena, Germany
    • Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Subsidiary · Tübingen, Germany
    • and 81 more

Built from parent and subsidiary links from GLEIF, the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (CC0); subsidiaries, stakes and holdings from Wikidata (CC0). Each entity in the chart links to its source.

The story

The institute was founded by Walter Dieminger, who was head of the Luftwaffe test center at Rechlin at the Müritz from 1934 onwards. Erich Regener was cofounder. After being renamed to the "Centre for Radio Transmission" in 1943 and moving to Leobersdorf in 1944, the institute was united with the Fraunhofer institute from Freiburg at Ried in the Innkreis. After the war an Allied commission decided to move the institute to Lindau am Harz, where buildings of the Technical University of Hannover already existed. The convoy arrived on the 2nd and 3 March 1946. During 1948 the radio institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society was transferred from the Fraunhofer Society to the Max Planck Society and renamed "Institute for Ionosphere Research" in 1949. In 1950 the US Air Force paid for the construction of an ionospheric echolot system. The full transfer from Fraunhofer to Max Planck Society and the appointment of W. Dieminger as director followed by the transfer of the Max Planck Institute of Stratosphere Research from Weisenau near Ravensburg to Lindau and another renaming to "Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy" completed the built up.

Erhard Keppler became the science lead in the first German satellite Azur (in cooperation with NASA) and with him a small group of scientists dedicated to work with satellites was established in Lindau. The institute was selected to build part of the instrumentation of the satellite which was launched in November 1969. The institute also built instruments for the Helios probes as part of another Germany/NASA cooperation.

After the retirement of W. Dieminger in 1974 the focus changed from atmospheric research to space research. The institute participated in a long series of space missions like Galileo, Ulysses, Cluster, SOHO, Cassini-Huygens, Rosetta, Mars Express Venus Express and was responsible for most of the camera system of the Giotto mission to Comet Halley. The framing camera on board of the NASA mission Dawn to the asteroid belt was built at the institute.

The institute was leading organization in the development, construction and scientific analysis of the sunrise (telescope). The telescope is solar telescope in the ultraviolet, that hangs from a high-altitude balloon. The five-day maiden flight was conducted in June 2009.

The biggest changes to the institute resulted from German unification with the retraction of two of the four directors of the institute in 1998 and 2004 after the retirement of Hagfors and Rosenbauer. The institute was renamed "Max Planck Institute of Solar System Research" in 2004 after the last director concerned with Ionosphere and Stratosphere research retired. The two remaining groups, of director S. Solanki dedicated to the Sun and heliosphere and of U. Christensen dedicated to planets and comets form the present-day Institute.

Since 2004, the institute has published the open access review journal Living Reviews in Solar Physics.

The Max Planck Society decided to move the institute closer to the University of Göttingen. In 2010, it was planned to relocate it to a new building next to the university's Faculty of Physics by April 2014. The move was completed in February 2014 and the opening ceremony held on 21 May of the same year.

From Wikipedia’s article on Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.4

Leadership

Who has led Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, and when. Pick a name to see everywhere that person has worked.

Chief executive

  1. Thorsten Kleine2026–now
197019801990200020102020

Products and brands

MPS is organised in three departments: Sun and Heliosphere, Planets and Comets, and Solar and Stellar Interiors. In addition, since 2002 there is also an International Max Planck Research School.

Subjects of research at the institute are the various objects within the Solar System. A major area of study concerns the Sun, its atmosphere, the interplanetary medium as influenced by the solar wind, as well as the impact of solar particles and radiation on the planets. The second area of research involves the interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres of the planets and their moons, as well as of comets and asteroids.

A further essential part of the activities at the institute is the development and construction of instruments for space missions.

The analysis and interpretation of the acquired datasets are accompanied by intensive theoretical work. Physical models are proposed and then tested and further developed with the aid of computer simulations.

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The Sun and heliosphere

The researchers at the MPS are studying the complete range of dynamic and often spectacular processes occurring on the Sun – from the interior to the outer heliosphere. At the heart of this research is the magnetic field, which plays a decisive role in these processes. It is generated by gas currents in the interior of the Sun and causes, among other things, dark spots on the surface. Answers to the following questions are being sought: Why does the magnetic field change with an eleven-year cycle? How does the magnetic field produce the various structures on the Sun? How is the corona heated to many millions of degrees?

Instruments developed by MPS aboard the space- craft SOHO and Ulysses have provided fundamentally new insights: Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrometer SUMER on board SOHO played a decisive role in recognizing the significance of the magnetic field for dynamic processes and Ulysses measured the three-dimensional structure of the solar wind for the first time. Another important research topic at "The Sun and Heliosphere" department is the influence on the Earth due to the Sun's variable activity. Scientists are working intensively on the project STEREO, in which two identical spacecraft trace disturbances from the Sun to the Earth from different observational points, permitting predictions of potentially dangerous events.

The physical processes involved in the origin and development of magnetic fields on the Sun take place on very small scales and therefore require measurements with very high spatial resolution. The balloon-borne telescope Sunrise, built under Institute leadership and flown in June 2009, was able to make out structures on the Sun's surface as small as 100 kilometers.

Future projects will stress research into the physical causes of the Sun's variations. The ambitious Solar Orbiter Mission, based on a suggestion from the institute, will see a probe approach our star to within a fifth of the Earth-Sun distance in order to investigate the magnetic field and its effects in the various layers of the solar atmosphere.

Planets and comets

The institute develops scientific instruments that fly with spacecraft to other planets. Highly specialized cameras have investigated the Saturn moon Titan, analyse the surface of Mars, and probe the clouds and winds of Venus. Microwave instruments determine the composition of atmospheres while infrared spectrometers examine surface rocks. A novel laser altimeter on board BepiColombo will survey the topography of Mercury to within a meter. Further MPS instruments identify the atoms, electrons, and dust that move around the planets and impact their moons. Here the influence of the solar wind on the atmospheric gases is of particular interest.

Theoretical studies and intensive computer simulations help to understand the processes both inside and surrounding the planets and to interpret the measured data. Models developed at MPS can describe, for example, interactions with the solar wind, the atmospheric dynamics, or the generation of the terrestrial magnetic field by means of currents deep in the iron core of our planet.

In addition, the institute has along tradition in cometary research. A major highlight was the camera developed at the institute for the ESA spacecraft Giotto which delivered the first photographs ever of a comet's nucleus in 1986. A particular challenge was the development of numerous scientific instruments for the ESA Mission Rosetta, such as cameras, chemical analyzers, and essential components for the landing module Philae. Rosetta was launched in 2004, and matched orbits with the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014; a few months later, Philae landed on the comet's surface.

The institute has also provided the cameras for the NASA Dawn Mission, launched in 2007, to study two of the largest asteroids, Ceres and Vesta.

Helio- and Asteroseismology

The MPS is hosting the German Data Centre for the NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which has provided improved data on small scales of space and time to study the connections between the solar interior and magnetic activity in the solar atmosphere.

A particularly exciting research activity at the MPS is the study of seismic waves in the vicinity of sunspots. The goal is to probe the subsurface structure of sunspots in three dimensions. Sunspot helioseismology is a challenging science as it requires modelling of the propagation of waves through magnetic structures; this can only be achieved by numerical simulations.

From Wikipedia’s article on Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.4

Subsidiaries and ownership

Parent company

From Wikidata.1

Timeline

  1. Jan 1, 2026New chief executive Thorsten Kleine becomes CEO1
  2. 1934Founded Founded1

Sources

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