PUBM on Nasdaq

PubMatic, Inc.

American computer programming, data processing services company1

In its 2026 annual report the company says: “PubMatic, Inc. is an independent, artificial intelligence-powered advertising technology company that delivers digital advertising performance. Our integrated technology platform connects buyers, publishers, data providers, and commerce media networks on a single, unified platform, to deliver advertising performance, control, transparency and efficiency.”5 It is headquartered in Redwood City, California.1

Price unavailable

Last updated Oct 21, 2026.

Overview

$282.9MRevenue, fiscal 20252
-$14.5MNet income, fiscal 20252

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  • TickerPUBM on Nasdaq1
  • IndustryServices-Computer Programming, Data Processing, Etc.1
  • HeadquartersRedwood City, California1
  • Incorporated inDE3
  • Business address601 Marshall Street, Redwood City, Ca 940633
  • Filer categoryAccelerated filer3

PubMatic, Inc. (“we”, or “us) is an independent, artificial intelligence-powered advertising technology company that delivers digital advertising performance. Our mission is to fuel the endless potential of Internet content creators and to enable a thriving, advertisement-funded digital ecosystem where global audiences can gain free or affordable access to information and entertainment.5 From its latest annual report

Financials

From the company’s reports to the SEC. Every number links to the filing it came from.

Key numbers, fiscal 2025

63.6%Gross margin2
-6.1%Operating margin2
-5.1%Net margin2
-2.9%Revenue growth, 20252
-5.5%Return on equity2
$66.7MFree cash flow2

What sells

Revenue by product, business segment and region, as the company reports it to the SEC.

Regions

United States brought in 56% of the revenue PubMatic, Inc. broke down this way in fiscal 2025.

  1. United States$158.1M256%down 10% from 2024
  2. EMEA$90.5M232%up 9% from 2024
  3. Asia Pacific$28.4M210%up 14% from 2024
  4. Rest of the World$5.9M22%down 12% from 2024
Regions by year
Regions202320242025
United States$158.1M$176.2M$158.1M
EMEA$84.9M$83.4M$90.5M
Asia Pacific$19.3M$25.0M$28.4M
Rest of the World$4.7M$6.7M$5.9M

Where the money goes

Where each dollar of revenue went, fiscal 2025

  • Cost of revenue36¢$103.1M
  • Research and development12¢$33.8M
  • Other costs51¢$144.5M
  • Income tax1¢$1.5M

Out of $282.9M in revenue.2 The company lost money this year.

Where each dollar of operating cash went, fiscal 2025

  • Capital spending18¢$14.3M
  • Share buybacks57¢$46.5M
  • Kept or used elsewhere25¢$20.2M

Out of $81.1M of cash from operations.2

Financial statements

Revenue67892$282.9M in 2025+148% since 2019
0$100.0M$200.0M$300.0M2019: $113.9M$113.9M20192020: $148.7M$148.7M2020+31%2021: $226.9M$226.9M2021+53%2022: $256.4M$256.4M2022+13%2023: $267.0M$267.0M2023+4%2024: $291.3M$291.3M2024+9%2025: $282.9M$282.9M2025−3%
Gross profit67892$179.8M in 2025+131% since 2019
0$50.0M$100.0M$150.0M$200.0M2019: $77.8M$77.8M20192020: $107.6M$107.6M2020+38%2021: $168.6M$168.6M2021+57%2022: $174.9M$174.9M2022+4%2023: $167.8M$167.8M2023−4%2024: $190.2M$190.2M2024+13%2025: $179.8M$179.8M2025−5%
Operating income67892-$17.3M in 2025
-$20.0M0$20.0M$40.0M$60.0M2019: $8.5M$8.5M20192020: $31.8M$31.8M2020+273%2021: $58.8M$58.8M2021+85%2022: $40.5M$40.5M2022−31%2023: $2.0M$2.0M2023−95%2024: $3.9M$3.9M2024+93%2025: -$17.3M-$17.3M2025
Net income67892-$14.5M in 2025
-$20.0M0$20.0M$40.0M$60.0M2019: $6.6M$6.6M20192020: $26.6M$26.6M2020+301%2021: $56.6M$56.6M2021+113%2022: $28.7M$28.7M2022−49%2023: $8.9M$8.9M2023−69%2024: $12.5M$12.5M2024+41%2025: -$14.5M-$14.5M2025

Every line of the income statement as filed: the last 3 fiscal years, latest first.2

Period ending2025-12-312024-12-312023-12-31
Revenue$282.9M$291.3M$267.0M
Cost of revenue$103.1M$101.0M$99.2M
Gross profit$179.8M$190.2M$167.8M
Technology and development$33.8M$33.3M$26.7M
Sales and marketing$102.9M$95.4M$82.8M
General and administrative$60.3M$57.7M$56.2M
Total operating expenses$197.1M$186.3M$165.7M
Operating income (loss)-$17.3M$3.9M$2.0M
Interest income$5.5M$8.5M$8.8M
Other income (expense), net-$4.2M$5.4M-$359.0K
Total other income, net$1.3M$13.8M$8.5M
Income before provision for (benefit from) income taxes-$16.0M$17.8M$10.5M
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes-$1.5M$5.3M$1.6M
Net income (loss)-$14.5M$12.5M$8.9M
Basic (in usd per share)-$0.31$0.25$0.17
Diluted (in usd per share)-$0.31$0.23$0.16
Basic (in shares)47.0M shares49.2M shares51.8M shares
Diluted (in shares)47.0M shares54.3M shares56.0M shares

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Corporate structure

PubMatic, Inc. sits at the top of its group. 5 entities, 4 countries on record. Switch between the flow chart and the network, and select any entity to see its details.

Major holders of PubMatic, Inc.

  • PubMatic, Inc. Redwood City, California
    • PubMatic India Private Limited Subsidiary · India
    • PubMatic Ireland Limited Subsidiary · Ireland
    • PubMatic Software (Shanghai) Limited Subsidiary · China
    • PubMatic US, Inc. Subsidiary · Delaware, United States

Built from subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21 of annual reports filed with the SEC; major holders from Schedules 13D and 13G. Each entity in the chart links to its source.

What it owns

What PubMatic, Inc. reports owning in its annual reports to the SEC: buildings, land and equipment, real estate and locations, investments, intangible assets and inventory, at the end of its latest fiscal year and a year before.

Property and equipment

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Property and equipment, before depreciation$250.5M2 Dec 31, 2025$234.1M2 Dec 31, 2024+7.0%
Accumulated depreciation$197.9M2 Dec 31, 2025$175.5M2 Dec 31, 2024+12.7%
Property and equipment, net$52.7M2 Dec 31, 2025$58.5M2 Dec 31, 2024−10.0%
Finance-lease assets$159.0K2 Dec 31, 2025$333.0K2 Dec 31, 2024−52.3%
Operating-lease assets (leased space)$38.1M2 Dec 31, 2025$44.4M2 Dec 31, 2024−14.1%

Investments

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Cash and cash equivalents$145.5M2 Dec 31, 2025$100.5M2 Dec 31, 2024+44.9%
Marketable securities, current$02 Dec 31, 2025$40.1M2 Dec 31, 2024−100.0%

Intangibles and goodwill

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Goodwill$29.6M2 Dec 31, 2025$29.6M2 Dec 31, 20240%
Intangible assets, net (excluding goodwill)$2.7M2 Dec 31, 2025$4.3M2 Dec 31, 2024−36.9%
Finite-lived intangibles, gross$8.9M2 Dec 31, 2025$8.9M2 Dec 31, 20240%
Accumulated amortization$6.2M2 Dec 31, 2025$4.6M2 Dec 31, 2024+34.2%
Finite-lived intangibles, net$2.7M2 Dec 31, 2025$4.3M2 Dec 31, 2024−36.9%

Properties, in its own words

We lease office and data center space in various cities across North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future and that, should it be needed, we will be able to secure additional space to accommodate expansion of our operations.

Item 2 of the 10-K filed Feb 26, 2026.5

Leadership

Who has led PubMatic, Inc., and when. Pick a name to see everywhere that person has worked.

Board members and other officers (15)

Subsidiaries and ownership

Subsidiaries (Exhibit 21)

  • PubMatic GmbH Germany4
  • PubMatic India Private Limited India4
  • PubMatic Ireland Limited Ireland4
  • PubMatic KK Japan4
  • PubMatic Limited United Kingdom4
  • PubMatic Pte Ltd Singapore4
  • PubMatic Software (Shanghai) Limited China4
  • PubMatic US, Inc. Delaware4

The subsidiaries the company lists in Exhibit 21 of its annual report, as filed.

Former names

  • Komli IncJan 2, 2008 to Jan 2, 20083

Timeline

  1. Aug 12, 20268-K Executive or director change31
  2. Aug 6, 20268-K Results of operations; Executive or director change32
  3. Jun 3, 20268-K Shareholder vote33
  4. May 7, 20268-K Results of operations34
  5. Apr 22, 20268-K Results of operations; Executive or director change35
  6. Feb 26, 20268-K Results of operations36
  7. Nov 10, 20258-K Results of operations37
  8. Sep 8, 20258-K Regulation FD disclosure; Other events38
  9. Aug 11, 20258-K Results of operations39
  10. Jun 4, 20258-K Shareholder vote40
  11. May 8, 20258-K Results of operations; Other events41
  12. Feb 27, 20258-K Results of operations42
  13. Dec 8, 2020New chief executive Rajeev K. Goel becomes CEO14

Calendar

Coming up

  1. Nov 9, 2026 · After the closeReports results for the quarter ending Sep/2026 A year earlier it reported ($0.14) a share, on Nov 10, 2025.43

When it reported results

  1. Aug 6, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results32
  2. May 7, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results34
  3. Apr 22, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results35
  4. Feb 26, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results36
  5. Nov 10, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results37
  6. Aug 11, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results39
  7. May 8, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results41
  8. Feb 27, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results42

Upcoming dates from Nasdaq's calendar; past results from the company's 8-K filings (Item 2.02). The full markets calendar

Filings

751 filings to the SEC since October 2021: 5 annual reports, 16 quarterly reports, 37 major events, 481 insider forms, 32 large holders, 180 other. The latest 20:

  1. Oct 6, 20264 EDGAR
  2. Oct 6, 20264 EDGAR
  3. Oct 6, 20264 EDGAR
  4. Oct 5, 20264 EDGAR
  5. Oct 5, 2026144 EDGAR
  6. Oct 5, 2026144 EDGAR
  7. Oct 5, 2026144 EDGAR
  8. Oct 5, 20264 EDGAR
  9. Oct 5, 20264 EDGAR
  10. Oct 5, 20264 EDGAR
  11. Oct 5, 20264 EDGAR
  12. Oct 2, 20264 EDGAR
  13. Sep 25, 20264 EDGAR
  14. Sep 24, 2026144 EDGAR
  15. Sep 18, 20264 EDGAR
  16. Sep 16, 2026144 EDGAR
  17. Sep 4, 20264 EDGAR
  18. Sep 3, 2026144 EDGAR
  19. Sep 2, 20264 EDGAR
  20. Aug 26, 2026144 EDGAR

The 751 filings since October 2021 can be filtered by form type and year here when JavaScript is on.

Every filing from the last five years, summarized. The full record is on SEC EDGAR.

Insider trades

412 open-market trades by officers, directors and large owners since October 2021: 0 buys and 412 sales. Grants, option exercises and gifts are left out.

DateWhoTradeSharesPriceValueFiling
Sep 24, 2026Goel Rajeev K.CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERSale50,453$18.44$930.5KForm 4
Sep 16, 2026Kumar MukulPRESIDENT, ENGINEERINGSale8,000$16.78$134.2KForm 4
Sep 3, 2026Goel Amar K.CHAIRMAN, CHIEF INNOVATION OFFSale6,250$17.04$106.5KForm 4
Sep 1, 2026Gimbel LisaCHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICERSale500$16.43$8.2KForm 4
Aug 20, 2026Goel Rajeev K.CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERSale49,980$16.49$824.2KForm 4
Aug 17, 2026Kumar MukulPRESIDENT, ENGINEERINGSale8,000$17.05$136.4KForm 4
Aug 13, 2026Pantelick StevenCHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERSale19,716$17.31$341.3KForm 4
Aug 12, 2026Gimbel LisaCHIEF ACCOUNTING OFFICERSale500$17.50$8.8KForm 4
Aug 12, 2026Pantelick StevenCHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERSale22,203$17.25$383.0KForm 4
Aug 10, 2026Woods AndrewGENERAL COUNSEL & SECRETARYSale38,331$17.96$688.4KForm 4
Aug 7, 2026Goel Rajeev K.CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERSale211,302$17.74$3.7MForm 4
Jul 23, 2026Goel Rajeev K.CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERSale49,979$12.35$617.2KForm 4
Jul 16, 2026Woods AndrewGENERAL COUNSEL & SECRETARYSale3,239$14.01$45.4KForm 4
Jul 16, 2026Goel Rajeev K.CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERSale8,962$13.94$124.9KForm 4
Jul 16, 2026Kumar MukulPRESIDENT, ENGINEERINGSale8,000$13.67$109.4KForm 4
Jul 15, 2026Goel Rajeev K.CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERSale4,060$13.90$56.4KForm 4
Jul 6, 2026Klimenko PaulinaCHIEF GROWTH OFFICERSale9,009$13.42$120.9KForm 4
Jul 6, 2026Pantelick StevenCHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERSale12,548$13.42$168.4KForm 4
Jul 2, 2026Klimenko PaulinaCHIEF GROWTH OFFICERSale14,914$13.65$203.6KForm 4
Jul 2, 2026Woods AndrewGENERAL COUNSEL & SECRETARYSale5,758$13.65$78.6KForm 4

All 412 trades can be filtered by person here when JavaScript is on.

From Forms 4 filed with the SEC.

Major holders

Investors who own more than 5% of the shares must tell the SEC: a 13D if they may seek to influence the company, a 13G if they hold passively.

Executive pay

What the company paid its top executives, from the summary compensation table in its proxy statement. Total pay includes salary, bonus, stock and option awards and other pay, as the company valued them.

YearExecutiveAgeSalaryTotal pay
2025Rajeev K. GoelChief Executive Officer48$622.0K$9.1M57
2025Steven PantelickChief Financial Officer63$537.0K$4.1M57
2025Paulina KlimenkoChief Growth Officer51$441.0K$3.0M57
2025Amar K. GoelChief Innovation Officer49$204.0K$2.2M57
2025Mukul KumarPresident of Engineering54$289.0K$1.9M57
2024Rajeev K. GoelChief Executive Officer48$610.0K$9.2M57
2024Steven PantelickChief Financial Officer63$526.0K$4.2M57
2024Paulina KlimenkoChief Growth Officer51$432.0K$2.8M57
2024Amar K. GoelChief Innovation Officer49$200.0K$2.6M57
2024Mukul KumarPresident of Engineering54$283.0K$1.9M57
2023Rajeev K. GoelChief Executive Officer48$610.0K$10.3M57
2023Steven PantelickChief Financial Officer63$506.0K$4.6M57
2023Amar K. GoelChief Innovation Officer49$285.0K$3.6M57
2023Paulina KlimenkoChief Growth Officer51$411.0K$3.3M57
2023Mukul KumarPresident of Engineering54$252.4K$2.1M57

Held by these funds

The largest holders among investment managers' 13F reports for the quarter ending Jun 30, 2026, the top 25 of 100. Change is in shares since the quarter before.

FundSharesValueShare of the fundChange
BlackRock, Inc.3,279,530$43.0M0.0%+214,494
Vanguard Capital Management LLC1,661,312$21.8M0.0%+47,543
Dimensional Fund Advisors LP1,491,121$19.6M0.0%+245,762
Renaissance Technologies LLC1,421,049$18.6M0.0%−119,484
Whitefort Capital Management, LP1,110,656$14.6M3.7%+420,656
Geode Capital Management, LLC991,800$13.0M0.0%+41,195
Vanguard Portfolio Management LLC947,548$12.4M0.0%+308,763
Jacobs Levy Equity Management, Inc862,996$11.3M0.0%−69,217
State Street Corp854,147$11.2M0.0%+62,728
S Squared Technology, LLC748,099$9.8M3.0%+71,700
Simcoe Capital LLC693,903$9.1M5.6%+207,651
Highbridge Capital Management LLC644,593$8.4M0.5%New
American Century Companies Inc642,076$8.4M0.0%+529,804
Two Sigma Investments, LP638,102$8.4M0.0%+103,653
Royal Bank Of Canada619,290$8.1M0.0%−120,991
Nuveen, LLC464,187$6.1M0.0%+381,254
Citadel Advisors LLC414,880$5.4M0.0%+265,837
CenterBook Partners LP413,983$5.4M0.3%−1,328,117
Trexquant Investment LP382,525$5.0M0.0%−39,898
Northern Trust Corp348,134$4.6M0.0%+57,573
Charles Schwab Investment Management Inc303,624$4.0M0.0%+8,821
Panagora Asset Management Inc287,735$3.8M0.0%+11,479
Aqr Capital Management LLC286,438$3.8M0.0%+161,484
Morgan Stanley284,256$3.7M0.0%−57,414
Quantinno Capital Management LP249,688$3.3M0.0%+42,873

13F reports cover disclosed long positions in U.S. stocks only.

SEC filer profile

How PubMatic, Inc. is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, from its EDGAR record and the cover page of its latest annual report.

  • Name on EDGARPubMatic, Inc.1
  • CIK0001422930
  • Employer ID (EIN)20-58632245
  • Filer statusAccelerated filer not an emerging growth company; not a smaller reporting company; not a shell company5
  • Incorporated inDelaware5
  • Fiscal year endsDecember 311
  • Industry code (SIC)7370 Services-Computer Programming, Data Processing, Etc.1
  • SEC reviewing officeOffice of Technology, Division of Corporation Finance1
  • Business address601 Marshall Street, Redwood City, CA 940631
  • Phone650-331-34851
  • Shares outstanding39,142,185 Common Class A shares; 8,263,239 Common Class B shares as of Feb 19, 20265
  • Public float$458.3M as of Jun 30, 20255
  • AuditorDELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP, San Jose, California PCAOB ID 34; it also attests to the company’s internal control over financial reporting5
  • On EDGAR sinceJan 2, 20081
  • Filings880 in all: 4 (510), 144 (156), 8-K (45), SC 13G/A (26), 3 (25), 4/A (18), 10-Q (17), SC 13G (15)1
    All 31 form types

    CORRESP (9), S-8 (7), 10-K (6), DEF 14A (6), DEFA14A (6), SCHEDULE 13G/A (6), UPLOAD (6), 3/A (3), 5 (2), ARS (2), DRSLTR (2), SEC STAFF LETTER (2), 10-Q/A (1), 424B4 (1), 8-A12B (1), CERT (1), DRS (1), DRS/A (1), EFFECT (1), PRE 14A (1), REGDEX (1), S-1 (1), S-1/A (1)

  • Latest filingsAnnual report (10-K) Feb 26, 2026
    Quarterly report (10-Q) Aug 6, 2026
    Proxy statement (DEF 14A) Apr 15, 2026
    Latest 8-K (8-K) Aug 12, 2026

Securities registered for trading

ClassSymbolExchange
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per sharePUBMThe Nasdaq Global Market

From the cover page of the 10-K filed Feb 26, 2026 (Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act).5

Risk factors and legal proceedings

The risks PubMatic, Inc. names in Item 1A of its 10-K filed Feb 26, 2026: 49 risks under these headings, as written.5

  • Risks Related to Our Business, Results of Operations and Growth
  • Our revenue and results of operations are highly dependent on the overall demand for advertising.
  • If our existing customers do not expand their usage of our platform, or if we fail to attract new customers, our growth will suffer. Moreover, any decrease in the use of the advertising channels or formats that we primarily depend on, or failure to expand into emerging channels or formats, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • Our results of operations may fluctuate significantly and may not meet our expectations or those of securities analysts and investors.
  • If we fail to make the right investment decisions in our platform, or if we fail to innovate and develop new solutions that are adopted by customers, we may not attract and retain customers, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • Our increasing reliance on artificial intelligence to operate our platform and differentiate our offerings creates new operational, competitive, and execution risks that may be difficult to predict or manage.
  • The adoption of artificial intelligence by our customers, competitors, and other market participants may alter the competitive dynamics of the digital advertising ecosystem in ways that reduce demand for our platform or diminish our competitive position.
  • We must scale our platform infrastructure to support anticipated growth and transaction volume. If we fail to do so, or doing so becomes too costly, we may limit our ability to process ad impressions, and we may lose revenue.
  • Our efforts to provide new or expanded offerings may not be successful, or we may not be able to scale our offerings to meet demand in a timely manner, and, as a result, we may not realize a return from our investments.
  • Our litigation with Google LLC presents several risks to our business that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
  • Risk Related to Data Collection and the Use of Collected Data
  • The rejection of targeted advertising by consumers, through opt-in, opt-out or ad-blocking technologies or other means or the restriction on the use of third party-cookies, mobile advertising identifiers or other tracking technologies, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The other 39 risks
  • The continued restriction, reduced utility, or future deprecation of tracking technologies, or the potential development of proprietary or closed alternatives to cookies, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • Our business depends on the lawful availability and utility of data signals used to enable advertising transactions, support analytics, optimization, and automation features, including those incorporating machine-learning or artificial-intelligence-based functionality, and any limitations on our ability to collect, process, or share such data could diminish the value of our platform and our financial results.
  • If publishers, buyers, and data providers do not obtain necessary and requisite consents from consumers for us to process their personal data, we could be subject to fines and liability.
  • Privacy-related class-action litigation poses increasing financial and operational risk.
  • Risk Related to the Advertising Industry and Competition
  • The digital advertising industry is intensely competitive, and if we do not effectively compete against current and future competitors, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
  • Market pressure may reduce our revenues.
  • Seasonal fluctuations or market changes in digital advertising activity could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • If changes in ad formats, delivery mechanisms, or platform policies prevent advertisements from being delivered to consumers, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.
  • Risks Related to our Operations
  • If we fail to detect or prevent fraud on our platform, or malware intrusion into the systems or devices of our publishers and their consumers, publishers could lose confidence in our platform, and we could face legal claims.
  • Our success depends on our ability to retain key members of our management team, and on our ability to hire, train, retain, and motivate new employees.
  • We are subject to payment-related risks if DSP buyers dispute or do not pay their invoices, and if DSPs file for bankruptcy protection or there are any decreases in payments, it could adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • Our international operations subject us to additional costs and risks, and our continued international expansion may not be successful.
  • Our use and reliance upon technology and development resources in India may expose us to unanticipated costs and liabilities, which could affect our ability to realize cost savings from our operations in India.
  • We depend on third-party data centers, the disruption of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • Platform outages or disruptions, including due to cyberattacks or our failure to maintain adequate security and supporting infrastructure, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • Our software platform could be susceptible to errors, defects, or unintended performance problems that could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • Our continued business success depends upon our ability to offer high-quality inventory with appropriate viewability capabilities.
  • Future acquisitions or strategic investments could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of management, and could disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • We rely on customers, publishers, buyers, and partners to abide by contractual requirements and relevant laws, rules, and regulations when using our platform, and legal claims or enforcement actions resulting from their actions could expose us to liabilities, damage our reputation, and be costly to defend.
  • We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our stock and diminish our cash reserves.
  • We use artificial intelligence in our business, and challenges with properly managing its use could result in reputational harm, competitive harm, and legal liability, and adversely affect our results of operations.
  • Risks Related to Regulations
  • We are subject to frequently evolving laws, regulations and industry requirements related to data privacy, data protection, information security, and consumer protection across the markets we operate in.
  • Legal uncertainty and industry unpreparedness for new regulations may mean substantial disruption and inefficiency, demand constraints, and reduced inventory supply and value.
  • Recent legal developments in Europe have introduced uncertainty for transferring personal data from the European Union to the United States, which may require us to change our EU data practices.
  • Our failure or the failure of third parties to protect our sites, networks and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect our confidential information, could damage our reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and operating results.
  • Failure to comply with industry self-regulation could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • We are subject to governmental economic sanctions requirements and export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to civil or criminal liability.
  • Risks Related to Intellectual Property
  • We may be subject to intellectual property rights claims by third parties, which are costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages, and could limit our ability to use technology or intellectual property.
  • Our intellectual property rights may be difficult to enforce and protect, which could enable others to copy or use aspects of our technology without compensating us, thereby eroding our competitive advantages and having an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
  • We rely on licenses to use the intellectual property rights of third parties to conduct our business.
  • Our platform relies on third-party open source software components. Failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could expose us to liabilities, and the combination of open source software with code that we develop could compromise the proprietary nature of our platform.
  • Risks Related to Financial and Accounting Matters
  • If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements and other disclosures on a timely basis could be impaired.
  • Our credit agreement contains operating and financial covenants that may restrict our business and financing activities.
  • Our tax liabilities may be greater than anticipated.
  • Tax changes could affect our effective tax rate and future profitability.
  • Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock
  • The trading price of the shares of our Class A common stock has been and may continue to be volatile and could subject us to litigation.
  • Insiders have substantial control over our company, including as a result of the dual class structure of our common stock, which could limit or preclude investors’ ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction.
  • Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock in the public markets, or the perception that they might occur, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.
  • Our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage takeover attempts and other corporate governance changes.

Legal proceedings

On September 8, 2025, we filed a civil action against Google LLC (“Google”) in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia seeking injunctive relief and damages for monopolistic and anticompetitive behavior in the publisher ad server and ad exchange markets for open-web display advertising. Given the nature of the case, including that the proceedings are in their early stages, we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of the case.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal or regulatory proceedings, lawsuits and other claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, we cannot state what the eventual outcome of such matters will be. However, based on our knowledge, we are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us due to defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity and reputational harm, and other factors. For additional information, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The opening of Item 3, Legal Proceedings.5

Sources

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