André Citroën

Born in Paris in 1878, André-Gustave Citroen was the fifth and last child of his Jewish parents, diamond merchant Levie Citroen and Masza Amelia Kleinman. He was a cousin of the British philosopher Sir A. J. Ayer, the only son of his aunt Reine.

The Citroen family descended from a grandfather in the Netherlands who had been a greengrocer and seller of tropical fruit, and had taken the surname of Limoenman, Dutch for "lime man"; his son however changed it to Citroen (pronounced [siˈtrun] ), which in Dutch means "lemon". In 1873 the family moved to Paris; upon arrival, the French tréma was added to the surname (reputedly by one of André's teachers), changing Citroen to Citroën.

His father died by suicide when André was six years old, presumably after failure in a business venture in a diamond mine in South Africa. It is reputed that the young Citroën was inspired by the works of Jules Verne and had seen the construction of the Eiffel Tower for the World Exhibition, making him want to become an engineer. He graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1899.

During a trip to Poland, the birthplace of his mother who had recently died, around 1900, Citroën saw a local carpenter working on a set of gears with a distinctive fishbone structure. Finding them less noisy and more efficient, Citroën bought the patent for cheap and perfected it. The gears' pattern was reputed to inspire the double-chevron marque of the Citroën brand. In 1908, he was appointed a manager of the automotive company Mors.

During World War I, Citroën gained an international reputation for mass-producing armaments during the war. His activities were extensive in connection with the Renault plant, which employed 35,000 men in munitions manufacturing. After the war, he became a director for the Société Française Doble, but abandoned it to establish his eponymous automobile company in 1919.

Citroën became the fourth-largest automobile manufacturer in the world in the 1930s, peaking in 1932, with the revolutionary Traction Avant at its spearhead. However, cost struggles aggravated by the Great Depression made it bankrupt in 1934. The firm was taken over by its main creditor and tire provider Michelin. After initial problems, sales of the Traction Avant improved again, leading it to persevere through World War II until 1957.

André Citroën died of stomach cancer in Paris in 1935. His funeral at the Montparnasse Cemetery was led by the Chief Rabbi of Paris.