PRAX on Nasdaq

Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc.

American pharmaceutical preparations company, incorporated in Delaware1

In its 2026 annual report the company says: “We are a fully integrated, leading central nervous system, or CNS, precision neuroscience biopharmaceutical company translating insights from genetic epilepsies into the development of therapies for CNS disorders characterized by neuronal excitation-inhibition imbalance. We are applying genetic insights to the discovery and development of therapies for neurological disorders through two proprietary platforms, using our understanding of shared biological targets and circuits in the brain.”4 It is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.1 Its shares trade on Nasdaq under the symbol PRAX.1

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Last updated Oct 21, 2026.

Overview

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  • TickerPRAX on Nasdaq1
  • IndustryPharmaceutical Preparations1
  • HeadquartersBoston, Massachusetts1
  • Incorporated inDE2
  • Business address99 High Street, 30Th Floor, Boston, Ma 021102
  • Filer categoryLarge accelerated filer2

We are a fully integrated, leading central nervous system, or CNS, precision neuroscience biopharmaceutical company translating insights from genetic epilepsies into the development of therapies for CNS disorders characterized by neuronal excitation-inhibition imbalance. Normal brain function requires a delicate balance of excitation and inhibition in neuronal circuits, which, when dysregulated, can lead to abnormal function and both rare and more prevalent neurological disorders. We are applying genetic insights to the discovery and development of therapies for neurological disorders through two proprietary platforms, using our understanding of shared biological targets and circuits in the brain. Each platform currently has multiple programs, with significant potential for additional program and indication expansion:4 From its latest annual report

Financials

From the company’s reports to the SEC. Every number links to the filing it came from.

Key numbers, fiscal 2025

-100.0%Revenue growth, 20255
-34.5%Return on equity5
-$249.1MFree cash flow5

Financial statements

Revenue65$0 in 2025
0$2.5M$5.0M$7.5M$10.0M2022: $0$020222023: $2.4M$2.4M20232024: $8.6M$8.6M2024+250%2025: $0$02025
Operating income78965-$326.2M in 2025+811% since 2019
-$400.0M-$300.0M-$200.0M-$100.0M02019: -$35.8M-$35.8M20192020: -$62.0M-$62.0M2020+73%2021: -$167.3M-$167.3M2021+170%2022: -$215.0M-$215.0M2022+28%2023: -$126.4M-$126.4M2023−41%2024: -$200.2M-$200.2M2024+58%2025: -$326.2M-$326.2M2025+63%
Net income78965-$303.3M in 2025+754% since 2019
-$400.0M-$300.0M-$200.0M-$100.0M02019: -$35.5M-$35.5M20192020: -$61.8M-$61.8M2020+74%2021: -$167.1M-$167.1M2021+170%2022: -$214.0M-$214.0M2022+28%2023: -$123.3M-$123.3M2023−42%2024: -$182.8M-$182.8M2024+48%2025: -$303.3M-$303.3M2025+66%

Every line of the income statement as filed: the last 3 fiscal years, latest first.5

Period ending2025-12-312024-12-312023-12-31
Collaboration revenue$0$8.6M$2.4M
Research and development$267.1M$152.4M$86.8M
General and administrative$59.1M$56.3M$42.1M
Total operating expenses$326.2M$208.7M$128.8M
Loss from operations-$326.2M-$200.2M-$126.4M
Other income, net$22.9M$17.3M$3.1M
Total other income$22.9M$17.3M$3.1M
Net loss-$303.3M-$182.8M-$123.3M
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic (in dollars per share)-$13.48-$10.21-$18.69
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted (in dollars per share)-$13.48-$10.21-$18.69
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic (in shares)22.5M shares17.9M shares6.6M shares
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)22.5M shares17.9M shares6.6M shares

Compare Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. with another company

Corporate structure

Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. sits at the top of its group. 4 entities, 2 countries on record. Switch between the flow chart and the network, and select any entity to see its details.

Major holders of Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc.

  • ORBIS INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT LTD Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Aug 14, 2026 (3 filings since Feb 17, 2026)
  • BAKER BROS. ADVISORS LP Filed SCHEDULE 13G on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest May 15, 2026
  • Point72 Asset Management, L.P. Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest May 15, 2026 (12 filings since Oct 7, 2021)
  • FMR LLC Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest May 6, 2026 (4 filings since Feb 9, 2022)
  • VANGUARD CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LLC Filed SCHEDULE 13G on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Apr 30, 2026
  • VANGUARD GROUP INC Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Mar 27, 2026 (5 filings since Feb 10, 2022)
  • PERCEPTIVE ADVISORS LLC Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Feb 17, 2026 (5 filings since Sep 23, 2024)
  • Adage Capital Management, L.P. Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Feb 12, 2026 (6 filings since Nov 12, 2024)
  • Cormorant Asset Management, LP Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Nov 14, 2025 (6 filings since Feb 14, 2024)
  • Janus Henderson Group Ltd. Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Nov 14, 2025 (6 filings since Feb 11, 2022)
  • PRICE T ROWE ASSOCIATES INC /MD/ Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Nov 14, 2025 (2 filings since Nov 14, 2024)
  • Morgan Stanley Filed SCHEDULE 13G/A on Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., latest Nov 7, 2025 (2 filings since Feb 5, 2025)
  • Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. Boston, Massachusetts
    • Praxis Medicines International Holdings, LLC Subsidiary · Delaware, United States
    • Praxis Precision Medicines India Private Limited Subsidiary · India
    • Praxis Security Corporation Subsidiary · Massachusetts, United States

Built from subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21 of annual reports filed with the SEC; major holders from Schedules 13D and 13G. Each entity in the chart links to its source.

What it owns

What Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. reports owning in its annual reports to the SEC: buildings, land and equipment, real estate and locations, investments, intangible assets and inventory, at the end of its latest fiscal year and a year before.

Property and equipment

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Property and equipment, before depreciation$1.6M5 Dec 31, 2025$1.6M5 Dec 31, 2024+3.5%
Accumulated depreciation$1.5M5 Dec 31, 2025$1.4M5 Dec 31, 2024+10.2%
Property and equipment, net$147.0K5 Dec 31, 2025$230.0K5 Dec 31, 2024−36.1%
Operating-lease assets (leased space)$92.0K5 Dec 31, 2025$1.1M5 Dec 31, 2024−91.9%

Investments

ItemLatestA year beforeChange
Cash and cash equivalents$357.3M5 Dec 31, 2025$215.4M5 Dec 31, 2024+65.9%
Marketable securities, current$242.0M5 Dec 31, 2025$177.2M5 Dec 31, 2024+36.6%
Marketable securities, non-current$326.8M5 Dec 31, 2025$77.0M5 Dec 31, 2024+324.6%
Debt securities available for sale$254.2M12 Dec 31, 2024$012 Dec 31, 2023

Properties, in its own words

Facilities

We sublease a facility containing 25,445 square feet of office space, which is located at 99 High Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110. Our sublease expires on February 28, 2026. We have entered into a license agreement for our existing office space which commences on March 1, 2026 and expires on March 31, 2027. We

The rest of Item 2

believe that our current facility is sufficient to meet our current and near-term needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available.

Item 2 of the 10-K filed Feb 19, 2026.4

Leadership

Who has led Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., and when. Pick a name to see everywhere that person has worked.

Chief executive

  1. Marcio Souza2020–now

Chief financial officer

  1. Stuart Chaffee2020

Chief operating officer

  1. Megan Sniecinski2026–now
2025
Board members and other officers (16)

Subsidiaries and ownership

Subsidiaries (Exhibit 21)

  • Praxis Medicines International Holdings, LLC Delaware3
  • Praxis Precision Medicines India Private Limited India3
  • Praxis Security Corporation Massachusetts3

The subsidiaries the company lists in Exhibit 21 of its annual report, as filed.

Timeline

  1. Aug 6, 20268-K Results of operations; Regulation FD disclosure33
  2. Jul 7, 20268-K Other events34
  3. Jul 2, 20268-K Change of auditor35
  4. Jun 29, 20268-K Other events36
  5. Jun 22, 20268-K Other events37
  6. Jun 12, 20268-K Shareholder vote38
  7. Jun 1, 20268-K Other events39
  8. May 7, 20268-K Results of operations; Regulation FD disclosure40
  9. Apr 14, 20268-K Other events41
  10. Apr 6, 20268-K Other events42
  11. Feb 19, 20268-K Results of operations43
  12. Feb 10, 20268-K Executive or director change44
  13. Oct 15, 2020New chief executive Marcio Souza becomes CEO13

Calendar

Coming up

  1. Nov 4, 2026Reports results for the quarter ending Sep/2026 A year earlier it reported ($3.36) a share, on Nov 5, 2025.45

When it reported results

  1. Aug 6, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results33
  2. May 7, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results40
  3. Feb 19, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results43
  4. Jan 6, 2026Reported quarterly or annual results46
  5. Nov 5, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results47
  6. Aug 4, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results48
  7. May 2, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results49
  8. Feb 28, 2025Reported quarterly or annual results50

Drug trials and FDA: coming up

  1. Dec 2026Phase 3 trial readout expected Phase 3 trial of 1.0mg/kg/day PRAX-562 and 1.5mg/kg/day PRAX-562 in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy 1: primary completion expected Dec 2026 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07010471).51
  2. Dec 2026Phase 3 trial readout expected Phase 3 trial of 1mg elsunersen and 0.5mg elsunersen in Epileptic Encephalopathy: primary completion expected Dec 2026 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07019922).52
  3. Jan 2027Phase 3 trial readout expected Phase 3 trial of 40 mg/day vormatrogine for 12 weeks, 30 mg/day vormatrogine for 12 weeks and others in Focal Epilepsy: primary completion expected Jan 2027 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07505004).53

Drug trials and FDA: recently

  1. May 14, 2026Phase 2/3 trial completed Phase 2/3 trial of 20mg/day PRAX-628 for 6 weeks then 30mg/day PRAX-628 for remaining 6 weeks in Focal Seizure: primary completion May 14, 2026, no results posted yet (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06999902).54
  2. Nov 12, 2025Phase 2/3 trial completed Phase 2/3 trial of PRAX-562 in SCN2A Encephalopathy: primary completion Nov 12, 2025, no results posted yet (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05818553).55
  3. Oct 10, 2025Phase 3 trial completed Phase 3 trial of 60 mg ulixacaltamide in Essential Tremor: primary completion Oct 10, 2025, no results posted yet (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06087276).56

Upcoming dates from Nasdaq's calendar; past results from the company's 8-K filings (Item 2.02). Trials from ClinicalTrials.gov, as the sponsor registered them (expected dates are the sponsor's own and often move); approvals and advisory committee meetings from the FDA. The FDA does not publish its decision (PDUFA) dates. The full markets calendar

Filings

401 filings to the SEC since October 2021: 5 annual reports, 15 quarterly reports, 77 major events, 157 insider forms, 98 large holders, 49 other. The latest 20:

  1. Aug 14, 2026SCHEDULE 13G/A EDGAR
  2. Aug 6, 202610-Q EDGAR
  3. Aug 6, 20268-K EDGAR
  4. Jul 8, 20264 EDGAR
  5. Jul 7, 20268-K EDGAR
  6. Jul 2, 20268-K EDGAR
  7. Jun 29, 20268-K EDGAR
  8. Jun 26, 20264 EDGAR
  9. Jun 24, 2026144 EDGAR
  10. Jun 22, 20268-K EDGAR
  11. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  12. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  13. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  14. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  15. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  16. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  17. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  18. Jun 12, 20264 EDGAR
  19. Jun 12, 20268-K EDGAR
  20. Jun 1, 20268-K EDGAR

The 401 filings since October 2021 can be filtered by form type and year here when JavaScript is on.

Every filing from the last five years, summarized. The full record is on SEC EDGAR.

Insider trades

20 open-market trades by officers, directors and large owners since October 2021: 11 buys and 9 sales. Grants, option exercises and gifts are left out.

DateWhoTradeSharesPriceValueFiling
Jun 24, 2026DeSimone JillDirectorSale11,600$311.32$3.6MForm 4
Nov 20, 2025Nemiroff AlexGeneral Counsel and SecretarySale25,130$193.08$4.9MForm 4
Nov 20, 2025Mastrocola LaurenPrincipal Accounting OfficerSale13,600$192.08$2.6MForm 4
Oct 16, 2025Gross Phillip10% ownerSale313,910$105.76$33.2MForm 4
Nov 14, 2024Nemiroff AlexGeneral Counsel and SecretarySale8,239$80.20$660.8KForm 4
Nov 14, 2024Mastrocola LaurenPrincipal Accounting OfficerSale5,188$81.78$424.3KForm 4
Oct 5, 2023DeSimone JillDirectorBuy14,500$1.75$25.4KForm 4
Jun 27, 2023Souza MarcioChief Executive OfficerBuy10,000$1.06$10.6KForm 4
Mar 24, 2023Kelly Timothy EdwinChief Financial OfficerBuy8,000$0.87$7.0KForm 4
Mar 24, 2023MITCHELL DEAN JDirectorBuy50,000$0.84$42.0KForm 4
Mar 24, 2023Kelly Timothy EdwinChief Financial OfficerBuy8,000$0.87$7.0KForm 4
Mar 23, 2023Souza MarcioChief Executive OfficerBuy70,002$0.86$60.2KForm 4
Jun 16, 2022Mastrocola LaurenPrincipal Accounting OfficerBuy3,000$1.93$5.8KForm 4
Jun 13, 2022Nemiroff AlexGeneral Counsel and SecretaryBuy7,500$1.63$12.2KForm 4
Jun 9, 2022Kelly Timothy EdwinChief Financial OfficerBuy10,000$1.77$17.7KForm 4
Jun 8, 2022Souza MarcioChief Executive OfficerBuy27,000$1.85$50.0KForm 4
Jun 8, 2022MITCHELL DEAN JDirectorBuy25,000$1.81$45.2KForm 4
Oct 6, 2021BSOF Parallel Master Fund L.P.10% ownerSale400,000$17.50$7.0MForm 4
Oct 5, 2021Blackstone Inc10% ownerSale23,946$19.15$458.6KForm 4
Oct 1, 2021Blackstone Inc10% ownerSale22,600$19.13$432.3KForm 4

From Forms 4 filed with the SEC.

Major holders

Investors who own more than 5% of the shares must tell the SEC: a 13D if they may seek to influence the company, a 13G if they hold passively.

All 31 holders

Executive pay

What the company paid its top executives, from the summary compensation table in its proxy statement. Total pay includes salary, bonus, stock and option awards and other pay, as the company valued them.

YearExecutiveAgeSalaryTotal pay
2025Marcio SouzaPresident and Chief Executive Officer47$659.2K$8.7M88
2025Timothy KellyChief Financial Officer53$526.8K$3.2M88
2025Alex NemiroffGeneral Counsel47$456.2K$2.8M88
2024Marcio SouzaPresident and Chief Executive Officer47$640.0K$13.4M88
2024Timothy KellyChief Financial Officer53$511.5K$4.0M88
2024Alex NemiroffGeneral Counsel47$442.9K$3.9M88
2023Marcio SouzaPresident and Chief Executive Officer47$625.0K$2.1M88
2023Timothy KellyChief Financial Officer53$465.0K$1.0M88
2023Alex NemiroffGeneral Counsel47$400.0K$843.1K88

Held by these funds

The largest holders among investment managers' 13F reports for the quarter ending Jun 30, 2026, the top 25 of 100. Change is in shares since the quarter before.

FundSharesValueShare of the fundChange
Jupiter Topco LLC3,421,374$1.1B0.5%New
Fmr LLC2,316,907$775.7M0.0%+155,964
BlackRock, Inc.2,292,585$767.5M0.0%−32,344
Perceptive Advisors LLC2,035,986$681.6M10.6%No change
Baker Bros. Advisors LP1,753,198$587.0M3.0%No change
Orbis Allan Gray Ltd1,529,788$512.2M1.8%−942,692
Vanguard Portfolio Management LLC1,335,185$447.0M0.0%+578,437
Vanguard Capital Management LLC1,235,299$413.6M0.0%+13,355
State Street Corp1,026,443$343.7M0.0%+142,205
Adage Capital Partners Gp, L.l.c.1,015,480$340.0M0.5%+199,741
Deerfield Management Company, L.P.963,351$322.5M4.0%No change
Driehaus Capital Management LLC959,048$321.1M1.9%+9,823
Morgan Stanley854,112$285.9M0.0%+20,621
Geode Capital Management, LLC748,039$250.5M0.0%+97,135
Cormorant Asset Management, LP640,000$214.3M11.0%−245,500
Goldman Sachs Group Inc548,830$183.7M0.0%−161,904
Bank Of America Corp /de/546,930$183.1M0.0%+12,326
Invesco Ltd.537,548$180.0M0.0%+476,151
Hood River Capital Management LLC425,167$142.3M1.0%+66,549
Norges Bank346,969$116.2M0.0%New
Franklin Resources Inc327,124$109.5M0.0%+51,001
Pictet Asset Management Holding SA291,689$98.0M0.1%+5,045
Polar Capital Holdings Plc279,131$93.5M0.3%New
Vivo Capital, LLC271,116$90.8M8.3%−67,779
Logos Global Management LP260,000$87.0M3.7%−25,000

13F reports cover disclosed long positions in U.S. stocks only.

Members of Congress who traded it

2 trades disclosed by members of Congress. “Vs S&P since” is the stock’s change since the trade minus the S&P 500’s.

DateMemberTradeAmountVs S&P sinceFiling
Sep 29, 2026Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr.Democratic, HouseBuy$1,001 - $15,000−12.7%Report
Jul 30, 2026Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr.Democratic, HouseBuy$1,001 - $15,000−23.4%Report

Members report amounts as ranges, not exact figures. Returns are price-only (no dividends).

SEC filer profile

How Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, from its EDGAR record and the cover page of its latest annual report.

  • Name on EDGARPraxis Precision Medicines, Inc.1
  • CIK0001689548
  • Employer ID (EIN)47-51959424
  • Filer statusLarge accelerated filer not an emerging growth company; not a smaller reporting company; not a shell company4
  • Incorporated inDelaware4
  • Fiscal year endsDecember 311
  • Industry code (SIC)2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations1
  • SEC reviewing officeOffice of Life Sciences, Division of Corporation Finance1
  • Business address99 High Street, 30Th Floor, Boston, MA 021101
  • Phone617-300-84601
  • Shares outstanding27,919,988 as of Jul 31, 202611
  • Public float$883.2M as of Jun 30, 20254
  • AuditorErnst & Young LLP, Boston, Massachusetts PCAOB ID 42; it also attests to the company’s internal control over financial reporting4
  • On EDGAR sinceNov 10, 20161
  • Filings510 in all: 4 (181), 8-K (88), SC 13G/A (38), SCHEDULE 13G/A (30), SC 13G (26), 3 (23), 10-Q (18), 424B5 (12)1
    All 38 form types

    S-8 (9), SCHEDULE 13G (9), DEFA14A (8), CORRESP (7), DEF 14A (7), 10-K (6), UPLOAD (6), 144 (5), EFFECT (5), D (3), 4/A (2), 424B4 (2), 8-K/A (2), DRS (2), POS AM (2), S-1 (2), S-1/A (2), S-3ASR (2), SEC STAFF LETTER (2), 8-A12B (1), CERT (1), DRS/A (1), DRSLTR (1), FWP (1), POSASR (1), PRE 14A (1), S-3 (1), S-8 POS (1), SC 13D (1), SC 13D/A (1)

  • Latest filingsAnnual report (10-K) Feb 19, 2026
    Quarterly report (10-Q) Aug 6, 2026
    Proxy statement (DEF 14A) Apr 30, 2026
    Latest 8-K (8-K) Aug 6, 2026

Securities registered for trading

ClassSymbolExchange
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per sharePRAXThe Nasdaq Global Select Market

From the cover page of the 10-K filed Feb 19, 2026 (Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act).4

Risk factors and legal proceedings

The risks Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc. names in Item 1A of its 10-K filed Feb 19, 2026: 72 risks under these headings, as written.4

  • Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital
  • We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company and we have incurred significant losses since our inception. We may incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.
  • We may need additional funding, and if we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product discovery and development programs or commercialization efforts.
  • Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.
  • We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history and no products approved for commercial sale, which may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future success and viability.
  • Drug development is a highly uncertain undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk.
  • We may expend our limited resources on programs that do not yield a successful product candidate or fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.
  • Risks Related to Research and Development and the Biopharmaceutical Industry
  • The development and commercialization of drug products is subject to extensive regulation, and the regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming, and inherently unpredictable. If we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates on a timely basis if at all, our business will be substantially harmed.
  • Preclinical and clinical drug development involves a lengthy, complex and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and the results of our clinical trials may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.
  • Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences following regulatory approval, if obtained.
  • If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our future clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.
The other 62 risks
  • Interim, topline and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available, and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.
  • The markets for our product candidates may be smaller than we expect.
  • We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover additional product candidates in the future.
  • We conduct clinical trials for our product candidates in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions, and the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and applicable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from trials conducted outside those respective jurisdictions.
  • A Breakthrough Therapy designation from the FDA, even if granted for any of our product candidates, may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive FDA approval.
  • We obtained orphan drug designation for relutrigine and elsunersen and may plan to seek orphan drug designation for additional product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain or maintain such a designation or the benefits associated with orphan drug status, including marketing exclusivity, which may cause our revenue, if any, to be reduced.
  • We received rare pediatric disease designation for relutrigine and elsunersen. However, a marketing application for these product candidates, if approved, may not meet the eligibility criteria for a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher.
  • We received PRIME designation by the EMA for elsunersen and we may seek PRIME or other designations, schemes or tools in the EU for one or more of our product candidates, which we may not receive. Such designations may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process and do not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing authorization.
  • Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in other jurisdictions.
  • Our product candidates may be regulated as controlled substances, the making, use, sale, importation, exportation, and distribution of which are subject to significant regulation by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, and other regulatory agencies.
  • We could be subject to product liability lawsuits based on the use of our product candidates in clinical testing or, if obtained, following our products’ marketing approval and commercialization. Product liability lawsuits brought against us or any of our future collaborators could divert our resources and attention, require us to cease clinical testing, cause us to incur substantial liabilities or limit commercialization of our product candidates.
  • We face significant competition in an environment of rapid technological and scientific change, and there is a possibility that our competitors may achieve regulatory approval before us or develop therapies that are safer, more advanced or more effective than ours, which may negatively impact our ability to successfully market or commercialize any product candidates we may develop and ultimately harm our financial condition.
  • Risks Related to the Commercialization of our Product Candidates
  • Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval will be subject to extensive post-marketing regulatory requirements and could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, when and if any of them are approved.
  • The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. If we are found or alleged to have improperly promoted off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.
  • Our commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our drug product candidates, if approved, among physicians, patients, third-party payors and other members of the medical community.
  • The successful commercialization of our product candidates in the United States will depend in part on the extent to which third-party payors, including governmental authorities and private health insurers, provide coverage and adequate reimbursement levels, as well as implement pricing policies favorable for our product candidates. Failure to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.
  • Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any.
  • Even if we obtain approval of any of our product candidates in the United States or Europe, we may never obtain approval or commercialize such products in other countries, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.
  • We have no experience as a company in commercializing products, and we will have to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, if approved, we may not be able to generate product revenue.
  • Risks Related to Ongoing Regulatory and Legal Compliance
  • Our relationships with healthcare providers and physicians and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
  • We may be subject to, or may in the future become subject to, U.S. federal and state, and foreign laws and regulations imposing obligations on how we collect, use, disclose, store and process personal information. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could result in liability or reputational harm and could harm our business. Ensuring compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base, and thereby decrease our revenue.
  • Ongoing healthcare legislative and regulatory reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
  • In the United States, inadequate funding for the FDA, the SEC, and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.
  • EU drug marketing and reimbursement regulations may materially affect our ability to market and receive coverage for our products in the European member states.
  • Additional laws and regulations governing international operations could negatively impact or restrict our operations.
  • If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business.
  • Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
  • Our success depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property. It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights and technology, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.
  • We have entered into, and may enter into, license or other collaboration agreements that impose certain obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under such agreements with third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our current or future licensors, we could lose rights that may be important to our business.
  • Our technology licensed from third parties may be subject to retained rights.
  • We may rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how, which can be difficult to trace and enforce and, if we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets and proprietary know-how, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
  • Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our product discovery and development efforts.
  • Our collaborators may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions they develop from research we support or that we develop or otherwise arising from the collaboration.
  • We may become subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.
  • Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization.
  • Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.
  • We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to develop any future product candidates on acceptable terms.
  • We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, or the patents or intellectual property of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.
  • Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
  • Any patents, if issued, covering our product candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or the USPTO.
  • Changes in patent law in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.
  • We have limited foreign intellectual property rights and may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
  • Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.
  • If we do not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for any product candidates we may develop, our business may be materially harmed.
  • If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.
  • Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
  • We rely on third parties to assist in conducting our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If they do not perform satisfactorily, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates, or such approval or commercialization may be delayed, and our business could be substantially harmed.
  • We contract with third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or drugs or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.
  • If any third-party manufacturer of our product candidates is unable to increase the scale of its production of our product candidates, and/or increase the product yield of its manufacturing, then our costs to manufacture the product may increase and commercialization may be delayed.
  • We depend on third-party suppliers for key raw materials used in our manufacturing processes, some of which are our sole source of supply, and the loss of these third-party suppliers or their inability to supply us with adequate raw materials could harm our business.
  • We depend on collaborations with third parties for the research, development and commercialization of certain of the product candidates we may develop. If any such collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to realize the market potential of those product candidates.
  • We may acquire businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions or alliances.
  • Risks Related to Employee Matters, Managing Our Business and Operations
  • We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by natural disasters, health epidemics or other business interruptions and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.
  • We depend heavily on our executive officers, principal consultants and others, and the loss of their services could materially harm our business.
  • Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, collaborators and contract research organizations may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could cause significant liability for us and harm our reputation.
  • We expect to expand our organization, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.
  • Cyberattacks or other failures in our telecommunications or information technology systems, or those of our collaborators, contract research organizations, third-party logistics providers, distributors or other contractors or consultants, could result in information theft, data corruption and significant disruption of our business operations.
  • We rely on cloud-based software services and access these services via the Internet for the vast majority of our computing, storage, and other functions. Any disruption of or interference with our use of our cloud-based services would negatively affect our operations and could seriously harm our business.
  • Legislation or other changes in tax laws could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
  • Our ability to use our U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
  • Risks Related to Our Common Stock
  • The price of our stock has been and may in the future be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
  • If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
  • We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.
  • Future issuances of our common stock or the issuance of shares of common stock upon the exercise or conversion of securities that are exercisable or convertible into shares of common stock, such as our pre-funded warrants, or upon the exercise or vesting of incentive awards, may result in dilution for our stockholders.

Legal proceedings

We are not currently a party to any material legal matters or claims. We may become party to legal matters and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. We cannot predict the outcome of any such legal matters or claims, and despite the potential outcomes, the existence thereof may have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

The opening of Item 3, Legal Proceedings.4

Sources

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